Psychology Chapter 9 - Factorial Designs
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Questions and Answers

What is scheduled for November 21st?

  • In-person lecture on Ch. 9
  • Recorded lecture on Ch. 10 (correct)
  • Review session for Assignment #3
  • Due date for Assignment #2
  • What change was made regarding the due date for Assignment #3?

  • It was moved to an earlier date.
  • It was extended to a later date. (correct)
  • It changed to an oral presentation format.
  • No changes were made.
  • Which component is part of Assignment #3?

  • Summary of findings
  • Current Study section (correct)
  • Literature review
  • Data analysis plan
  • What will be uploaded to Canvas on November 26th?

    <p>In-person lecture slides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the proposed study must be detailed in the Method section of Assignment #3?

    <p>Participants' demographic information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Study Limitations and Future Research section in the assignment?

    <p>To identify limitations and suggest future research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which time slot are optional exam Q&A sessions scheduled?

    <p>1:10 to 2 pm and 4:10 to 5 pm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the final grade does the exam represent?

    <p>35% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chapters are covered in the final exam?

    <p>Chapters 1 through 10 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which materials are students required to bring to the exam?

    <p>Pencils, an eraser, and student ID (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a factorial design in experiments?

    <p>An experiment that includes more than one factor with all possible combinations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of the final exam?

    <p>Closed-book consisting of multiple-choice and short-answer questions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about factorial designs in research?

    <p>They are used to assess the interaction between two or more variables. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a factorial design with three factors, each having two levels, how many total conditions are created?

    <p>8 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is needed for a deferred exam request?

    <p>A valid reason (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the limitation of using too many independent variables in a factorial design?

    <p>It can lead to unmanageable numbers of conditions and required participants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a non-manipulated independent variable refer to in an experiment?

    <p>An independent variable that is measured but not changed by the researcher. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it common to limit the number of independent variables in factorial designs?

    <p>To manage the number of conditions and participants required effectively. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When forming conditions in a factorial design, what does each combination of factors represent?

    <p>A unique experimental group within the design. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a researcher uses a factorial design with the IVs of therapy type and therapy length, what is the maximum number of conditions they can generate with two levels for each IV?

    <p>4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using factorial designs in research?

    <p>They allow researchers to evaluate interactions between multiple independent variables. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a Between-Subjects Factorial Design?

    <p>Each participant is only assigned to one condition of a factor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a Within-Subject Factorial Design?

    <p>Each subject receives all conditions of at least one independent variable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of a Mixed Factorial Design?

    <p>It includes counterbalancing to control for order effects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a Non-Experimental Factorial Design?

    <p>It consists only of non-manipulated independent variables. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant concern when dealing with non-experimental studies?

    <p>They present issues of directionality and potential third variables. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'main effects' in the context of factorial designs?

    <p>The effect of one independent variable averaged across all levels of other independent variables. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a main effect indicate in a study?

    <p>The overall average impact of one independent variable (IV). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interactions in factorial designs indicate what?

    <p>The effect of one independent variable varies depending on the level of another independent variable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is it essential to analyze simple effects?

    <p>When a significant interaction is found. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does counterbalancing aim to achieve in a Mixed Factorial Design?

    <p>To control for the influence of time or order on participant responses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a spreading interaction?

    <p>No effect for one group and a strong effect for another group. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a cross-over interaction differ from a spreading interaction?

    <p>Cross-over interactions have effects at both levels and in opposite directions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about main effects and interactions?

    <p>Main effects can exist without interactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary investigation focus in many studies involving two independent variables?

    <p>To examine the interaction between the IVs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there is no interaction present in a study?

    <p>Main effects do not need further examination. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the effects of an independent variable are dependent on the levels of another independent variable, this indicates that:

    <p>An interaction is present. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Factorial Designs

    Research designs that examine the effects of two or more independent variables.

    Assignment #3

    Research methods assignment due November 26th.

    Current Study Section

    Initial part of Assignment 3, based on Assignment 2.

    Method Section

    Detailed explanation of how the proposed study will be conducted.

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    Independent Variables

    Factors that are manipulated by the researcher.

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    Nov 19th

    In-person lecture and tutorial on Factorial Designs.

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    Nov 21st

    Recorded lecture on Single-Subject Research.

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    Nov 26th

    Assignment 3 due date.

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    Final Exam Date

    Monday, December 9th, 12-2 pm

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    Final Exam Location

    Regent Theatre at 50 King St E (DTR100)

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    Final Exam Format

    Multiple-choice and short-answer questions

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    Final Exam Coverage

    Chapters 1 through 10

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    Final Exam Type

    Closed-book

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    Final Exam Weight

    35% of final grade

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    Factorial Designs: Main effects

    The effects of each individual variable on the outcome.

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    Factor

    Independent variable in a factorial design.

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    Levels of an IV

    Different values or conditions of an independent variable.

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    Number of conditions in a factorial design

    Calculated by multiplying the number of levels of each independent variable in the design.

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    Example of a Factorial Design

    A design with two IVs each having two levels, as demonstrated in the text with cell phone use and time of day example.

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    Non-Manipulated IV

    An independent variable that is measured but cannot be manipulated by the researcher.

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    Common number of IVs and levels

    Factorial designs usually have 2-3 independent variables with 2-3 levels each due to increasing number of conditions and participants.

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    Assigning Participants to Conditions

    Method of assigning participants to the different combinations of IV levels in a factorial experiment.

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    Main Effect

    A single independent variable's impact on a dependent variable, regardless of other variables.

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    Interaction Effect

    The combined impact of two or more independent variables on a dependent variable.

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    Spreading Interaction

    One independent variable's effect differs based on the level of the second independent variable.

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    Cross-Over Interaction

    Two independent variables alter the dependent variable in opposite directions.

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    Simple Effect

    An effect of one independent variable at a particular level of another independent variable, showing how the interaction works.

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    Interaction

    The interplay effect of several independent variables on the dependent variable.

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    Between-Subjects Factorial Design

    A research design where all factors involve different participants, with each person receiving only one condition of each factor.

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    Within-Subjects Factorial Design

    Each subject experiences all conditions of all factors.

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    Mixed Factorial Design

    One factor varies between subjects, while another factor varies within subjects.

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    Non-experimental Factorial Design

    A factorial design where no IV is manipulated.

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    Independent Variable (IV)

    A variable that is controlled or manipulated to observe its effect on another variable.

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    Dependent Variable (DV)

    The variable measured to see how it is affected by changes of another variable.

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    Study Notes

    Chapter 9 - Factorial Designs

    • Factorial designs are experiments with more than one independent variable (IV).
    • Each level of one IV is combined with all levels of the other IVs.
    • This creates all possible combinations of conditions.
    • Example: A 2 (cell phone use: yes/no) x 2 (time of day: day/night) design with driving ability as the dependent variable (DV) would have four conditions.
    • Factorial designs can have any number of IVs and levels. A 2x2x2 design would test three IVs, each with two levels.
    • Fewer IVs and levels are usually preferred due to the rapid increase in the number of conditions and required participants.

    Upcoming Dates

    • November 19th: Chapter 9 (factorial designs) lecture and tutorial
    • November 21st: Chapter 10 (single-subject research) recorded lecture
    • November 26th: Assignment 3 due (11:59 pm)
    • November 26th: No in-person lectures or tutorials
    • December 9th: Final exam (12-2 pm, Regent Theatre)

    Assignment #3: Method (20%)

    • Due November 26th (11:59 pm)
    • Includes a "Current Study" section (revised from Assignment 2)
    • Detailed "Method" section describing participants, materials, and procedure.
    • "Study Limitations and Future Research Directions" section
    • Resources (template and example paper) are available on Canvas.

    Final Exam

    • Monday, December 9th, 12-2pm
    • Regent Theatre (50 King St E, DTR100)
    • Multiple-choice and short-answer questions
    • Covers chapters 1-10
    • Closed-book
    • 35% of final grade

    Factorial Designs - Just Extra Variables

    • Complex experiments have two or more manipulated or measured (individual difference) variables.
    • Each variable can have a main effect.
    • Variables can influence each other (interaction).

    Assigning Participants To Conditions

    • Between-Subjects: All factors are between subjects (e.g., each person experiences only one condition of a factor).
    • Within-Subjects: Each subject receives all conditions.
    • Mixed: One factor is between-subjects, the other is within-subjects; needs counterbalancing.

    Non-Manipulated IVs

    • Measured but not manipulated (e.g., gender, age).
    • Often individual difference variables.
    • Allow causal conclusions only for manipulated variables.

    Non-Experimental Factorial Design

    • Includes only non-manipulated IVs.
    • Caution in inferring causation due to directionality and potential third variables.

    Main Effects

    • The effect of one independent variable (IV) on the dependent variable (DV), averaging across the levels of other IVs.

    Interactions

    • The effect of one IV depends on the level of a second IV.
    • Often considered the primary research question.
    • Can be spreading or cross-over interactions.

    Simple Effects

    • Show precisely what's happening in an interaction.
    • Useful when there's a significant interaction.

    Types of Interactions

    • Spreading: Effect of one IV varies depending on the level of another IV.
    • Cross-over: Effect of one IV is in opposite directions at different levels of another IV.

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    Description

    Explore the concept of factorial designs in experiments with multiple independent variables. This quiz covers how different levels of independent variables interact and affect dependent variables, using practical examples to illustrate these principles. Test your knowledge on the structure and application of factorial designs in research.

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