Questions and Answers
What does cognition refer to?
What is an algorithm?
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees a solution to a problem.
Define heuristics.
Simple thinking strategies that allow us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently.
What is insight in problem-solving?
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What does fixation refer to?
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What is confirmation bias?
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What is overconfidence?
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What does framing mean in decision-making?
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Define belief perseverance.
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What constitutes language?
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What is the babbling stage in speech development?
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What is the one-word stage of speech development?
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What is meant by telegraphic speech?
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Define intelligence.
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What is general intelligence?
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What is savant syndrome?
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Define emotional intelligence.
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What is an intelligence test?
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What is an achievement test?
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Define validity in testing.
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What is reliability in testing?
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What is heritability?
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What is stereotype threat?
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Who is Noam Chomsky?
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Define psycholinguistics.
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Who was Alfred Binet?
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Study Notes
Cognition and Problem Solving
- Cognition: Encompasses mental activities such as thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
- Algorithm: A logical, methodical procedure that ensures problem-solving; less rapid than heuristics but more reliable.
- Heuristics: Simplified strategies for efficient problem-solving; faster but prone to errors.
- Insight: Sudden realization of a problem's solution, differing from systematic strategies.
- Fixation: Inability to view a problem from a fresh perspective, hindering problem-solving.
- Confirmation Bias: A tendency to seek information that reinforces our beliefs while disregarding contradictory evidence.
- Overconfidence: Overestimating the accuracy of personal beliefs and judgments.
- Framing: The manner in which issues are presented, which can drastically influence decisions.
Language Development
- Language: Encompasses spoken, written, or signed words in combination to convey meaning.
- Babbling Stage: Occurs around 4 months, marked by infants producing various unrelated sounds.
- One-Word Stage: From ages 1 to 2, children predominantly speak single words.
- Two-Word Stage: Begins at age 2, characterized by child speech using two-word phrases.
- Telegraphic Speech: Early speech resembling telegrams; utilizes mostly nouns and verbs.
Intelligence and Testing
- Intelligence: Defined as the ability to learn, solve problems, and adapt using knowledge.
- General Intelligence: A foundational cognitive ability underlying specific mental faculties, measured by intelligence tests.
- Savant Syndrome: A condition where someone with limited mental ability displays exceptional skill in a specific area.
- Emotional Intelligence: Ability to understand and manage one's emotions as well as the emotions of others.
- Intelligence Test: Assesses mental aptitudes, yielding scores for comparison with others.
- Aptitude Test: Designed to predict future performance based on an individual's potential to learn.
- Achievement Test: Evaluates what a person has learned.
- Mental Age: A measure correlating intelligence test performance with chronological age norms.
- Stanford-Binet: An American revision of Binet's intelligence test, widely used for assessing intelligence.
- Intelligence Quotient (IQ): Ratio of mental age to chronological age, multiplied by 100; 100 is the average score.
- Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS): Popular intelligence test featuring verbal and nonverbal components.
Psychometrics and Validity
- Standardization: Process of comparing test scores with a normative group.
- Normal Curve: A bell-shaped distribution representing a variety of attributes, with most scores clustering around the average.
- Reliability: Consistency of test results across different forms or occasions.
- Validity: The degree to which a test accurately measures or predicts what it intends to.
- Heritability: Genetic contribution to variations among individuals regarding a trait's expression.
Social and Ethical Considerations
- Stereotype Threat: Concern about being judged negatively based on stereotypes.
- Muted Speech: Phenomenon where ethnic minorities engage in self-censorship in speech due to fear of judgment.
- Culturally Fair Test: Aims to evaluate intelligence without being influenced by cultural or educational backgrounds.
- Transracial Adoption: Evidence shows that children adopted by families of different races can perform similarly on IQ tests, highlighting environmental influence on intelligence.
Key Figures and Theories
- Alfred Binet: Developed the first intelligence test to measure cognitive abilities.
- Charles Darwin: His evolutionary theory provided justification for social hierarchies based on intelligence.
- Sir Francis Galton: Proposed the theory of eugenics, suggesting that intelligence is inherited.
- William McDougall: Known for strong racist views in social psychology; minimized environmental context in understanding behavior.
- Arthur Jensen: Controversially argued for genetic inferiority in intelligence among different racial groups.
- Scarr & Weinberg: Demonstrated through research the environmental impact on IQ test outcomes.
Other Concepts
- Speech Therapy: Utilizes reinforcement principles to aid in speech development.
- Psycholinguistics: Focuses on the psychological aspects of language and communication.
- Sociolinguistics: Examines social patterns and differences in language use among groups.
- Habit: Automatic behavioral patterns established through repetition.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts from Psychology Chapter 8. This quiz covers important definitions such as cognition, algorithms, and heuristics, providing a comprehensive review of the material. Perfect for students looking to solidify their understanding of cognitive processes.