Psychology Chapter 8 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What does cognition refer to?

The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating (correct)

The ability to create art

The emotional responses to stimuli

The biological processes of the brain

What is an algorithm?

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees a solution to a problem.

Define heuristics.

Simple thinking strategies that allow us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently.

What is insight in problem-solving?

A sudden realization of the solution to a problem. Signup and view all the answers

What does fixation refer to?

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective. Signup and view all the answers

What is confirmation bias?

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore contradictory evidence. Signup and view all the answers

What is overconfidence?

The tendency to be more confident than correct. Signup and view all the answers

What does framing mean in decision-making?

The way an issue is posed. Signup and view all the answers

Define belief perseverance.

Clinging to beliefs and ignoring evidence that proves they are wrong. Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes language?

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. Signup and view all the answers

What is the babbling stage in speech development?

The stage where infants spontaneously utter various sounds unrelated to the household language. Signup and view all the answers

What is the one-word stage of speech development?

The stage from age 1 to 2 where children speak mostly in single words. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by telegraphic speech?

Early speech stage where a child uses mostly nouns and verbs, resembling a telegram. Signup and view all the answers

Define intelligence.

Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and adapt to new situations. Signup and view all the answers

What is general intelligence?

A general intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities. Signup and view all the answers

What is savant syndrome?

A condition where a person limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill. Signup and view all the answers

Define emotional intelligence.

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions. Signup and view all the answers

What is an intelligence test?

A method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes using numerical scores. Signup and view all the answers

What is an achievement test?

A test designed to assess what a person has learned. Signup and view all the answers

Define validity in testing.

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. Signup and view all the answers

What is reliability in testing?

The extent to which a test yields consistent results. Signup and view all the answers

What is heritability?

The portion of variation among individuals that can be attributed to genes. Signup and view all the answers

What is stereotype threat?

A self-confirming concern that we will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. Signup and view all the answers

Who is Noam Chomsky?

A linguist who proposed that all languages share a similar underlying structure. Signup and view all the answers

Define psycholinguistics.

The study of the psychological meaning associated with language and communication patterns. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Alfred Binet?

A French psychologist credited for drafting the first intelligence test. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cognition and Problem Solving

Cognition: Encompasses mental activities such as thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Algorithm: A logical, methodical procedure that ensures problem-solving; less rapid than heuristics but more reliable.
Heuristics: Simplified strategies for efficient problem-solving; faster but prone to errors.
Insight: Sudden realization of a problem's solution, differing from systematic strategies.
Fixation: Inability to view a problem from a fresh perspective, hindering problem-solving.
Confirmation Bias: A tendency to seek information that reinforces our beliefs while disregarding contradictory evidence.
Overconfidence: Overestimating the accuracy of personal beliefs and judgments.
Framing: The manner in which issues are presented, which can drastically influence decisions.

Language Development

Language: Encompasses spoken, written, or signed words in combination to convey meaning.
Babbling Stage: Occurs around 4 months, marked by infants producing various unrelated sounds.
One-Word Stage: From ages 1 to 2, children predominantly speak single words.
Two-Word Stage: Begins at age 2, characterized by child speech using two-word phrases.
Telegraphic Speech: Early speech resembling telegrams; utilizes mostly nouns and verbs.

Intelligence and Testing

Intelligence: Defined as the ability to learn, solve problems, and adapt using knowledge.
General Intelligence: A foundational cognitive ability underlying specific mental faculties, measured by intelligence tests.
Savant Syndrome: A condition where someone with limited mental ability displays exceptional skill in a specific area.
Emotional Intelligence: Ability to understand and manage one's emotions as well as the emotions of others.
Intelligence Test: Assesses mental aptitudes, yielding scores for comparison with others.
Aptitude Test: Designed to predict future performance based on an individual's potential to learn.
Achievement Test: Evaluates what a person has learned.
Mental Age: A measure correlating intelligence test performance with chronological age norms.
Stanford-Binet: An American revision of Binet's intelligence test, widely used for assessing intelligence.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ): Ratio of mental age to chronological age, multiplied by 100; 100 is the average score.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS): Popular intelligence test featuring verbal and nonverbal components.

Psychometrics and Validity

Standardization: Process of comparing test scores with a normative group.
Normal Curve: A bell-shaped distribution representing a variety of attributes, with most scores clustering around the average.
Reliability: Consistency of test results across different forms or occasions.
Validity: The degree to which a test accurately measures or predicts what it intends to.
Heritability: Genetic contribution to variations among individuals regarding a trait's expression.

Stereotype Threat: Concern about being judged negatively based on stereotypes.
Muted Speech: Phenomenon where ethnic minorities engage in self-censorship in speech due to fear of judgment.
Culturally Fair Test: Aims to evaluate intelligence without being influenced by cultural or educational backgrounds.
Transracial Adoption: Evidence shows that children adopted by families of different races can perform similarly on IQ tests, highlighting environmental influence on intelligence.

Key Figures and Theories

Alfred Binet: Developed the first intelligence test to measure cognitive abilities.
Charles Darwin: His evolutionary theory provided justification for social hierarchies based on intelligence.
Sir Francis Galton: Proposed the theory of eugenics, suggesting that intelligence is inherited.
William McDougall: Known for strong racist views in social psychology; minimized environmental context in understanding behavior.
Arthur Jensen: Controversially argued for genetic inferiority in intelligence among different racial groups.
Scarr & Weinberg: Demonstrated through research the environmental impact on IQ test outcomes.

Other Concepts

Speech Therapy: Utilizes reinforcement principles to aid in speech development.
Psycholinguistics: Focuses on the psychological aspects of language and communication.
Sociolinguistics: Examines social patterns and differences in language use among groups.
Habit: Automatic behavioral patterns established through repetition.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts from Psychology Chapter 8. This quiz covers important definitions such as cognition, algorithms, and heuristics, providing a comprehensive review of the material. Perfect for students looking to solidify their understanding of cognitive processes.