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Questions and Answers
What is cognition?
Mentally processing internal representations of a problem or situation.
A _____ instance is an object or event that belongs to the concept class.
positive
A _____ instance is an object or event that does not belong to the concept class.
negative
What is a mechanical solution?
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What is the role of heuristics in problem-solving?
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What is fixation in problem-solving?
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Which of the following are barriers to problem-solving? (Select all that apply)
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Experts are better problem-solvers than novices.
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What is the first stage of creative thought?
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What is fluid intelligence?
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Who proposed the theory of multiple intelligences?
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Study Notes
Thinking and Cognition
- Cognition involves mental processing of internal representations related to problems or situations.
- Key components include images (picture-like representations), concepts (categories of objects/events), and language (words/symbols with rules).
Concept Formation
- Concept formation categorizes information into meaningful groups.
- Positive instances are objects/events fitting a concept, while negative instances do not.
- Conceptual rules guide categorization decisions.
Problem-Solving Strategies
- Mechanical solutions are found through trial and error or fixed procedures.
- Algorithms are systematic rules that guarantee correct solutions.
- Understanding is essential for complex problems that resistance mechanical approaches.
Types of Solutions
- General solutions define requirements for success but lack specifics for execution.
- Functional solutions are practical and applicable to the problem.
Heuristics and Problem Solving
- Heuristics are strategies for assessing and locating problem solutions, including random search tactics.
- Fixation can cause individuals to persist with incorrect solutions or overlook alternatives.
- Functional fixedness limits recognition of new uses for familiar objects.
Barriers to Problem-Solving
- Emotional barriers can include fear of failure or embarrassment.
- Cultural barriers may dismiss imaginative thinking as unproductive.
- Learned barriers involve adherence to conventions that restrict creativity.
- Perceptual barriers hinder important element recognition within problems.
Expertise in Problem-Solving
- Experts excel over novices through developed strategies and organized knowledge.
- Experts recognize patterns intuitively and process information with greater speed and ease.
Types of Thinking
- Inductive reasoning derives general principles from specific observations.
- Deductive reasoning applies general rules to specific cases.
- Logical thought generates new conclusions based on established rules.
- Illogical thought is characterized by intuition and personal associations.
Stages of Creative Thought
- Orientation phase involves defining the problem.
- Preparation involves gathering relevant information.
- Incubation allows subconscious processing of the problem.
- Illumination represents the moment of insight or realization.
- Verification entails testing and critiquing the solution.
Enhancing Creativity
- Discover surprises daily and aim to surprise others.
- Pursue interests passionately and commit to excellence.
- Embrace challenges, allocate time for reflection, and pursue enjoyable activities.
- Explore various perspectives on problems.
Human Intelligence
- Intelligence is the overarching ability to act purposefully, think rationally, and effectively navigate environments.
- The g-factor signifies general ability intertwined with reasoning, knowledge, memory, and adaptability.
Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
- Fluid intelligence pertains to tackling new problems and typically diminishes after middle age.
- Crystallized intelligence utilizes existing knowledge and generally remains stable or only slightly declines with age.
Multiple Intelligences (Howard Gardner)
- Multiple intelligences encompass various domains:
- Linguistic (verbal skills)
- Logical-mathematical (numerical abilities)
- Visual-spatial (pictorial abilities)
- Musical (musical skills)
- Bodily-kinesthetic (physical talents)
- Intrapersonal (self-awareness)
- Interpersonal (social skills)
- Naturalistic (understanding of nature)
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Description
Explore the concepts of thinking, problem-solving, creative thinking, and human intelligence in this psychology chapter. Learn about cognition, mental representations, and language.
