Psychology Chapter 7: Learning Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of learning?

  • A temporary change in behavior due to experience
  • The ability to memorize information
  • An instinctive response to stimuli
  • A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience (correct)

    • What is associative learning?

    Learning that certain events occur together.

    Define classical conditioning.

    A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.

    Behaviorism focuses on psychology without reference to mental processes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an unconditioned response (UR)?

    <p>An unlearned naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers an unconditioned response (US)?

    <p>A stimulus that unconditionally triggers a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a conditioned response (CR)?

    <p>The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

    <p>An originally irrelevant stimulus that triggers a conditioned response after association.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define acquisition in classical conditioning.

    <p>The initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is higher-order conditioning?

    <p>A procedure where a conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does extinction refer to in classical conditioning?

    <p>The diminishing of a conditioned response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is spontaneous recovery?

    <p>The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a pause.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define generalization in learning.

    <p>The tendency for stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is discrimination in classical conditioning?

    <p>The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is respondent behavior?

    <p>Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define operant conditioning.

    <p>A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened or diminished by its consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is operant behavior?

    <p>Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the law of effect?

    <p>Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and those followed by unfavorable become less likely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an operant chamber?

    <p>A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reinforcer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is shaping in operant conditioning?

    <p>An operant conditioning procedure where reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reinforcer?

    <p>Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is positive reinforcement?

    <p>Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define negative reinforcement.

    <p>Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary reinforcer?

    <p>An innately reinforcing stimulus that satisfies a biological need.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a conditioned reinforcer?

    <p>A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through association with a primary reinforcer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define continuous reinforcement.

    <p>Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is partial reinforcement?

    <p>Reinforcing a response only part of the time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fixed-ratio schedule?

    <p>A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define variable-ratio schedule.

    <p>A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fixed-interval schedule?

    <p>A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a variable-interval schedule?

    <p>A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable intervals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define punishment.

    <p>An event that decreases the behavior that it follows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cognitive map?

    <p>A mental representation of the layout of one's environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define latent learning.

    <p>Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is intrinsic motivation?

    <p>A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define extrinsic motivation.

    <p>A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is observational learning?

    <p>Learning by observing others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does modeling refer to?

    <p>The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are mirror neurons?

    <p>Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or observing others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is prosocial behavior?

    <p>Positive, constructive, helpful behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Concepts

    • Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
    • Associative learning involves linking events, which can be two stimuli or a response and its consequences.

    Classical Conditioning

    • Classical conditioning is a learning process where two or more stimuli are linked to anticipate events.
    • Unconditioned stimulus (US) automatically triggers a natural response (unconditioned response, UR) without prior learning (e.g., food causing salivation).
    • Conditioned stimulus (CS) starts as neutral but becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eliciting a conditioned response (CR).

    Key Terms in Classical Conditioning

    • Acquisition refers to the initial phase in linking a neutral stimulus to an unconditioned stimulus, resulting in a conditioned response.
    • Extinction occurs when the conditioned response diminishes due to the unconditioned stimulus no longer following the conditioned stimulus.
    • Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a pause.
    • Generalization is the tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
    • Discrimination is the ability to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

    Behaviorism and Response Types

    • Behaviorism emphasizes objective study of observable behaviors, excluding internal mental processes.
    • Respondent behavior happens automatically in response to a stimulus, while operant behavior is determined by environmental consequences.

    Operant Conditioning

    • Operant conditioning entails learning where behavior is strengthened by reinforcement or weakened by punishment.
    • Law of effect suggests behaviors followed by positive outcomes are likely to be repeated; those with negative outcomes are less likely.

    Reinforcement and Schedules

    • Reinforcers are events that strengthen behaviors they follow, which can be positive (adding a desirable stimulus) or negative (removing an aversive stimulus).
    • Primary reinforcers fulfill biological needs, while conditioned reinforcers gain power through association with primary reinforcers.
    • Continuous reinforcement entails rewarding behavior every time it occurs, whereas partial reinforcement occurs less frequently and increases resistance to extinction.
    • Fixed-ratio and variable-ratio schedules reinforce after a set or unpredictable number of responses, respectively.
    • Fixed-interval and variable-interval schedules reinforce behavior after a set time or at unpredictable intervals.

    Punishment and Motivation

    • Punishment serves to decrease the likelihood of a preceding behavior.
    • Cognitive map refers to a mental representation of one's environment.
    • Latent learning is learning that is not immediately demonstrated until there is an incentive.
    • Intrinsic motivation involves performing a behavior for its inherent satisfaction; extrinsic motivation involves performing for external rewards or to avoid punishment.

    Observational Learning

    • Observational learning occurs through watching others, while modeling involves imitating specific behaviors.
    • Mirror neurons are responsible for actions and empathy, firing in response to both action execution and observation.
    • Prosocial behavior encompasses actions that are positive and constructive, contributing to social harmony.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of key concepts in Psychology Chapter 7 related to learning. This quiz covers fundamental terms such as associative learning and classical conditioning. Enhance your knowledge and prepare for your exams.

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