Questions and Answers
An FR1 schedule is also called _____
continuous reinforcement
The rate at which a behavior occurs once it has begun is called the ____
run rate
In a ___ schedule, reinforcement is contingent on the number of times a behavior occurs; in an ____ schedule, reinforcement is contingent on the behavior occurring after a given period since the last reinforcement.
ratio, interval
The reappearance, during extinction, of previously effective behavior is called ____
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In FT and VT schedules, reinforcement is contingent on ___ rather than ____
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The thinner of two schedules, FR3 and VR4 is ___
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You could do something analogous to stretching the ratio by
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The difference between multiple and mixed schedules is that in ___ schedules there is a signal that the schedule has changed.
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PRE stands for ____
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The frustration and sequential hypotheses are both variations of the _____ hypothesis
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The rate of behavior matches the _____
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What is a chain schedule?
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What is a concurrent schedule?
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Define continuous reinforcement.
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What is a cooperative schedule?
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What is the discrimination hypothesis?
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Define a fixed duration schedule (FD).
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What is a fixed interval schedule (FI)?
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Define a fixed ratio schedule (FR).
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What is a fixed time schedule (FT)?
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Define the frustration hypothesis.
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What is an intermittent schedule?
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Define the matching law.
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What is a mixed schedule?
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Define a multiple schedule.
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What is noncontingent reinforcement (NCR)?
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Define the partial reinforcement effect (PRE).
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What is a post-reinforcement pause?
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What is a pre-ratio pause?
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What is ratio strain?
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Study Notes
Reinforcement Schedules and Concepts
- An FR1 schedule is known as continuous reinforcement, where every behavior occurrence is reinforced.
- The run rate refers to how frequently a behavior occurs once initiated.
- Reinforcement can be contingent on behavior frequency (ratio schedule) or on the time elapsed since the last reinforcement (interval schedule).
- Resurgence is the reappearance of previously effective behavior during extinction phases.
- FT (Fixed Time) and VT (Variable Time) schedules provide reinforcement based on time rather than specific behaviors.
- Among two schedules, FR3 and VR4, VR4 is the thinner or less demanding schedule.
- Stretching the interval can be likened to stretching the ratio in reinforcement schedules.
- Multiple schedules incorporate a signal indicating when the schedule has changed, while mixed schedules do not.
Effects and Hypotheses
- PRE stands for partial reinforcement effect, which signifies the increased resistance to extinction after intermittent reinforcement compared to continuous reinforcement.
- Both frustration and sequential hypotheses are variations of the discrimination hypothesis concerning response patterns during reinforcement conditions.
Rates and Matching
- The rate of behavior correspondingly matches the rate of reinforcement received.
- A chain schedule links a series of simple schedules to one stimulus, delivering reinforcement only after completing the last schedule.
- The concurrent schedule allows the availability of two or more simple schedules at the same time, promoting choice in responding.
Schedule Types
- Continuous reinforcement results in reinforcement upon every behavior occurrence.
- Cooperative schedules require the joint behavior of multiple individuals for reinforcement.
- Fixed duration (FD) schedules stipulate that reinforcement is given after continuous performance for a designated time.
- Fixed interval (FI) schedules reinforce the initial behavior after a set time since the last reinforcement.
- Fixed ratio (FR) schedules provide reinforcement after a specific number of behavior occurrences.
- Fixed time (FT) involves delivering reinforcement at fixed intervals, independent of behavior.
Intermittent Reinforcement
- Intermittent schedules can deliver reinforcement at varying times, sometimes reinforcing occurrences of behavior.
- The matching law states that rates of responding on different reinforcement schedules will match the reinforcement rates available.
- Mixed schedules alternate between two or more simple schedules without specific stimuli, while multiple schedules utilize stimuli to indicate schedule changes.
Additional Reinforcement Concepts
- Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) delivers reinforcers independent of behavior.
- The partial reinforcement effect (PRE) reflects why behaviors reinforced intermittently are harder to extinguish.
- Post-reinforcement pauses occur after reinforcement, especially notable in FI and FR schedules.
- Pre-ratio pause indicates a pause occurring before reinforcement occurs in ratio schedules.
- Ratio strain describes disruptions in responding when the reinforcement ratio is stretched excessively.
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Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering key concepts from Chapter 7 in psychology. Focus on important terms related to reinforcement schedules and behavioral rates. Perfect for students looking to strengthen their understanding.