Psychology Chapter 7 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

An FR1 schedule is also called _____

continuous reinforcement

The rate at which a behavior occurs once it has begun is called the ____

run rate

In a _ schedule, reinforcement is contingent on the number of times a behavior occurs; in an __ schedule, reinforcement is contingent on the behavior occurring after a given period since the last reinforcement.

ratio, interval

The reappearance, during extinction, of previously effective behavior is called ____

resurgence Signup and view all the answers

In FT and VT schedules, reinforcement is contingent on _ rather than __

time, behavior Signup and view all the answers

The thinner of two schedules, FR3 and VR4 is ___

VR 4 Signup and view all the answers

You could do something analogous to stretching the ratio by

stretching the interval Signup and view all the answers

The difference between multiple and mixed schedules is that in ___ schedules there is a signal that the schedule has changed.

multiple Signup and view all the answers

PRE stands for ____

partial reinforcement effect Signup and view all the answers

The frustration and sequential hypotheses are both variations of the _____ hypothesis

discrimination Signup and view all the answers

The rate of behavior matches the _____

rate of reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What is a chain schedule?

A compound reinforcement schedule that consists of a series of simple schedules, with reinforcement delivered only on completion of the last schedule. Signup and view all the answers

What is a concurrent schedule?

A compound reinforcement schedule in which two or more simple schedules are available at the same time. Signup and view all the answers

Define continuous reinforcement.

A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced each time it occurs. Signup and view all the answers

What is a cooperative schedule?

A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is contingent on the behavior of two or more individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What is the discrimination hypothesis?

The idea that the partial reinforcement effect occurs because it is harder to discriminate between reinforced and non-reinforced responses. Signup and view all the answers

Define a fixed duration schedule (FD).

A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance of a behavior for a fixed period of time. Signup and view all the answers

What is a fixed interval schedule (FI)?

A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced the first time it occurs following a specified interval since the last reinforcement. Signup and view all the answers

Define a fixed ratio schedule (FR).

A reinforcement schedule in which every nth performance of a behavior is reinforced. Signup and view all the answers

What is a fixed time schedule (FT)?

A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is delivered independently of behavior at fixed intervals. Signup and view all the answers

Define the frustration hypothesis.

The idea that the partial reinforcement effect occurs because non-reinforcement is frustrating, leading to a higher response rate during intermittent reinforcement. Signup and view all the answers

What is an intermittent schedule?

Any of several reinforcement schedules in which a behavior is sometimes reinforced. Signup and view all the answers

Define the matching law.

The principle that, given the opportunity to respond on two or more reinforcement schedules, the rate of responding on each schedule will match the reinforcement available on each schedule. Signup and view all the answers

What is a mixed schedule?

A compound reinforcement schedule in which two or more simple schedules, neither associated with a particular stimulus, alternate. Signup and view all the answers

Define a multiple schedule.

A compound reinforcement schedule in which two or more simple schedules alternate, with each schedule associated with a particular stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is noncontingent reinforcement (NCR)?

A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcers are delivered independently of behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Define the partial reinforcement effect (PRE).

The tendency of a behavior to be more resistant to extinction following intermittent reinforcement than following continuous reinforcement. Signup and view all the answers

What is a post-reinforcement pause?

A pause in responding following reinforcement, associated primarily with FI and FR schedules. Signup and view all the answers

What is a pre-ratio pause?

A pause before a behavior occurs when using reinforcement schedules. Signup and view all the answers

What is ratio strain?

Disruption of the pattern of responding due to stretching the ratio of reinforcement too abnormally high. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Reinforcement Schedules and Concepts

An FR1 schedule is known as continuous reinforcement, where every behavior occurrence is reinforced.
The run rate refers to how frequently a behavior occurs once initiated.
Reinforcement can be contingent on behavior frequency (ratio schedule) or on the time elapsed since the last reinforcement (interval schedule).
Resurgence is the reappearance of previously effective behavior during extinction phases.
FT (Fixed Time) and VT (Variable Time) schedules provide reinforcement based on time rather than specific behaviors.
Among two schedules, FR3 and VR4, VR4 is the thinner or less demanding schedule.
Stretching the interval can be likened to stretching the ratio in reinforcement schedules.
Multiple schedules incorporate a signal indicating when the schedule has changed, while mixed schedules do not.

Effects and Hypotheses

PRE stands for partial reinforcement effect, which signifies the increased resistance to extinction after intermittent reinforcement compared to continuous reinforcement.
Both frustration and sequential hypotheses are variations of the discrimination hypothesis concerning response patterns during reinforcement conditions.

Rates and Matching

The rate of behavior correspondingly matches the rate of reinforcement received.
A chain schedule links a series of simple schedules to one stimulus, delivering reinforcement only after completing the last schedule.
The concurrent schedule allows the availability of two or more simple schedules at the same time, promoting choice in responding.

Schedule Types

Continuous reinforcement results in reinforcement upon every behavior occurrence.
Cooperative schedules require the joint behavior of multiple individuals for reinforcement.
Fixed duration (FD) schedules stipulate that reinforcement is given after continuous performance for a designated time.
Fixed interval (FI) schedules reinforce the initial behavior after a set time since the last reinforcement.
Fixed ratio (FR) schedules provide reinforcement after a specific number of behavior occurrences.
Fixed time (FT) involves delivering reinforcement at fixed intervals, independent of behavior.

Intermittent Reinforcement

Intermittent schedules can deliver reinforcement at varying times, sometimes reinforcing occurrences of behavior.
The matching law states that rates of responding on different reinforcement schedules will match the reinforcement rates available.
Mixed schedules alternate between two or more simple schedules without specific stimuli, while multiple schedules utilize stimuli to indicate schedule changes.

Additional Reinforcement Concepts

Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) delivers reinforcers independent of behavior.
The partial reinforcement effect (PRE) reflects why behaviors reinforced intermittently are harder to extinguish.
Post-reinforcement pauses occur after reinforcement, especially notable in FI and FR schedules.
Pre-ratio pause indicates a pause occurring before reinforcement occurs in ratio schedules.
Ratio strain describes disruptions in responding when the reinforcement ratio is stretched excessively.

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Psychology Chapter 7 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

An FR1 schedule is also called _____

The rate at which a behavior occurs once it has begun is called the ____

In a ___ schedule, reinforcement is contingent on the number of times a behavior occurs; in an ____ schedule, reinforcement is contingent on the behavior occurring after a given period since the last reinforcement.

The reappearance, during extinction, of previously effective behavior is called ____

In FT and VT schedules, reinforcement is contingent on ___ rather than ____

The thinner of two schedules, FR3 and VR4 is ___

You could do something analogous to stretching the ratio by

The difference between multiple and mixed schedules is that in ___ schedules there is a signal that the schedule has changed.

PRE stands for ____

The frustration and sequential hypotheses are both variations of the _____ hypothesis

The rate of behavior matches the _____

What is a chain schedule?

What is a concurrent schedule?

Define continuous reinforcement.

What is a cooperative schedule?

What is the discrimination hypothesis?

Define a fixed duration schedule (FD).

What is a fixed interval schedule (FI)?

Define a fixed ratio schedule (FR).

What is a fixed time schedule (FT)?

Define the frustration hypothesis.

What is an intermittent schedule?

Define the matching law.

What is a mixed schedule?

Define a multiple schedule.

What is noncontingent reinforcement (NCR)?

Define the partial reinforcement effect (PRE).

What is a post-reinforcement pause?

What is a pre-ratio pause?

What is ratio strain?

Study Notes

Reinforcement Schedules and Concepts

Effects and Hypotheses

Rates and Matching

Schedule Types

Intermittent Reinforcement

Additional Reinforcement Concepts

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Description

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In a _ schedule, reinforcement is contingent on the number of times a behavior occurs; in an __ schedule, reinforcement is contingent on the behavior occurring after a given period since the last reinforcement.

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