Psychology Chapter 7 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

An FR1 schedule is also called _____

continuous reinforcement

The rate at which a behavior occurs once it has begun is called the ____

run rate

In a ___ schedule, reinforcement is contingent on the number of times a behavior occurs; in an ____ schedule, reinforcement is contingent on the behavior occurring after a given period since the last reinforcement.

ratio, interval

The reappearance, during extinction, of previously effective behavior is called ____

<p>resurgence</p> Signup and view all the answers

In FT and VT schedules, reinforcement is contingent on ___ rather than ____

<p>time, behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

The thinner of two schedules, FR3 and VR4 is ___

<p>VR 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

You could do something analogous to stretching the ratio by

<p>stretching the interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

The difference between multiple and mixed schedules is that in ___ schedules there is a signal that the schedule has changed.

<p>multiple</p> Signup and view all the answers

PRE stands for ____

<p>partial reinforcement effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

The frustration and sequential hypotheses are both variations of the _____ hypothesis

<p>discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rate of behavior matches the _____

<p>rate of reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a chain schedule?

<p>A compound reinforcement schedule that consists of a series of simple schedules, with reinforcement delivered only on completion of the last schedule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a concurrent schedule?

<p>A compound reinforcement schedule in which two or more simple schedules are available at the same time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define continuous reinforcement.

<p>A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced each time it occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cooperative schedule?

<p>A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is contingent on the behavior of two or more individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the discrimination hypothesis?

<p>The idea that the partial reinforcement effect occurs because it is harder to discriminate between reinforced and non-reinforced responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define a fixed duration schedule (FD).

<p>A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance of a behavior for a fixed period of time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fixed interval schedule (FI)?

<p>A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced the first time it occurs following a specified interval since the last reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define a fixed ratio schedule (FR).

<p>A reinforcement schedule in which every nth performance of a behavior is reinforced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fixed time schedule (FT)?

<p>A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is delivered independently of behavior at fixed intervals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the frustration hypothesis.

<p>The idea that the partial reinforcement effect occurs because non-reinforcement is frustrating, leading to a higher response rate during intermittent reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an intermittent schedule?

<p>Any of several reinforcement schedules in which a behavior is sometimes reinforced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the matching law.

<p>The principle that, given the opportunity to respond on two or more reinforcement schedules, the rate of responding on each schedule will match the reinforcement available on each schedule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a mixed schedule?

<p>A compound reinforcement schedule in which two or more simple schedules, neither associated with a particular stimulus, alternate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define a multiple schedule.

<p>A compound reinforcement schedule in which two or more simple schedules alternate, with each schedule associated with a particular stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is noncontingent reinforcement (NCR)?

<p>A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcers are delivered independently of behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the partial reinforcement effect (PRE).

<p>The tendency of a behavior to be more resistant to extinction following intermittent reinforcement than following continuous reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a post-reinforcement pause?

<p>A pause in responding following reinforcement, associated primarily with FI and FR schedules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pre-ratio pause?

<p>A pause before a behavior occurs when using reinforcement schedules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ratio strain?

<p>Disruption of the pattern of responding due to stretching the ratio of reinforcement too abnormally high.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Reinforcement Schedules and Concepts

  • An FR1 schedule is known as continuous reinforcement, where every behavior occurrence is reinforced.
  • The run rate refers to how frequently a behavior occurs once initiated.
  • Reinforcement can be contingent on behavior frequency (ratio schedule) or on the time elapsed since the last reinforcement (interval schedule).
  • Resurgence is the reappearance of previously effective behavior during extinction phases.
  • FT (Fixed Time) and VT (Variable Time) schedules provide reinforcement based on time rather than specific behaviors.
  • Among two schedules, FR3 and VR4, VR4 is the thinner or less demanding schedule.
  • Stretching the interval can be likened to stretching the ratio in reinforcement schedules.
  • Multiple schedules incorporate a signal indicating when the schedule has changed, while mixed schedules do not.

Effects and Hypotheses

  • PRE stands for partial reinforcement effect, which signifies the increased resistance to extinction after intermittent reinforcement compared to continuous reinforcement.
  • Both frustration and sequential hypotheses are variations of the discrimination hypothesis concerning response patterns during reinforcement conditions.

Rates and Matching

  • The rate of behavior correspondingly matches the rate of reinforcement received.
  • A chain schedule links a series of simple schedules to one stimulus, delivering reinforcement only after completing the last schedule.
  • The concurrent schedule allows the availability of two or more simple schedules at the same time, promoting choice in responding.

Schedule Types

  • Continuous reinforcement results in reinforcement upon every behavior occurrence.
  • Cooperative schedules require the joint behavior of multiple individuals for reinforcement.
  • Fixed duration (FD) schedules stipulate that reinforcement is given after continuous performance for a designated time.
  • Fixed interval (FI) schedules reinforce the initial behavior after a set time since the last reinforcement.
  • Fixed ratio (FR) schedules provide reinforcement after a specific number of behavior occurrences.
  • Fixed time (FT) involves delivering reinforcement at fixed intervals, independent of behavior.

Intermittent Reinforcement

  • Intermittent schedules can deliver reinforcement at varying times, sometimes reinforcing occurrences of behavior.
  • The matching law states that rates of responding on different reinforcement schedules will match the reinforcement rates available.
  • Mixed schedules alternate between two or more simple schedules without specific stimuli, while multiple schedules utilize stimuli to indicate schedule changes.

Additional Reinforcement Concepts

  • Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) delivers reinforcers independent of behavior.
  • The partial reinforcement effect (PRE) reflects why behaviors reinforced intermittently are harder to extinguish.
  • Post-reinforcement pauses occur after reinforcement, especially notable in FI and FR schedules.
  • Pre-ratio pause indicates a pause occurring before reinforcement occurs in ratio schedules.
  • Ratio strain describes disruptions in responding when the reinforcement ratio is stretched excessively.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering key concepts from Chapter 7 in psychology. Focus on important terms related to reinforcement schedules and behavioral rates. Perfect for students looking to strengthen their understanding.

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