Psychology Chapter 6 - Types of Learning
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Questions and Answers

What does PQ4R stand for?

  • Preview, Question, Read, Respond, Recite, Review
  • Preview, Query, Rewrite, Reflect, Recite, Review
  • Process, Query, Read, Reflect, Recite, Review
  • Preview, Question, Read, Reflect, Recite, Review (correct)

    • What are cognitive factors in learning?

    Latent learning, observational learning

    What are the key factors of classical conditioning?

    Stimulus and response

    Define classical conditioning.

    <p>A simple form of learning in which one stimulus elicits the response usually elicited by another stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some forms of classical conditioning?

    <p>Taste aversion, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are applications of classical conditioning?

    <p>Flooding, counter conditioning, Bell- and-pad method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is operant conditioning?

    <p>The process by which a stimulus increases the chances that the preceding behavior will occur again</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are techniques of operant conditioning?

    <p>Shaping, programmed learning, classroom discipline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor of operant conditioning?

    <p>Reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a stimulus?

    <p>Something that produces a reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an unconditioned stimulus?

    <p>A stimulus that causes a response that is automatic, not learned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define unconditioned response.

    <p>An automatic response to a stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a conditioned stimulus?

    <p>A stimulus that causes a response that is learned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a conditioned response?

    <p>A learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define extinction in learning.

    <p>Occurs when the conditioned stimulus is disconnected from the unconditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is generalization in classical conditioning?

    <p>Occurs when people respond the same way to similar stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define discrimination in learning.

    <p>The act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is flooding?

    <p>A method for reducing fears in which a person is continually exposed to the harmless stimulus until fear responses to that stimulus are extinguished</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define systematic desensitization.

    <p>A gradual method of reducing fears in which people are taught relaxation techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is counterconditioning?

    <p>A method of reducing fears by repeatedly pairing a pleasant stimulus with a fearful one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is operant conditioning?

    <p>A form of learning based on the consequences of actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reinforcement?

    <p>The process by which a stimulus increases the chances that the preceding behavior will occur again</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are positive reinforcers?

    <p>Reinforcers that increase the frequency of the behavior they follow when they are applied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are negative reinforcers?

    <p>Reinforcers that increase the frequency of the behavior they follow when they are removed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define punishment in the context of learning.

    <p>Unwanted events that decrease the frequency of the behavior they follow when they are applied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is continuous reinforcement?

    <p>When a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is partial reinforcement?

    <p>Reinforcing a response only part of the time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fixed interval schedule?

    <p>A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a variable interval schedule?

    <p>Reinforcement schedule in which varying amounts of time goes by between reinforcements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fixed ratio schedule?

    <p>A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a variable ratio schedule?

    <p>A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define latent learning.

    <p>Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is observational learning?

    <p>Learning by observing others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is shaping?

    <p>A way of teaching complex behaviors in small steps with reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is Ivan Pavlov?

    <p>Discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is spontaneous recovery?

    <p>Recurrence of an extinguished conditioned response, usually following a rest period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define primary reinforcer.

    <p>An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Types of Learning

    • PQ4R: A study method involving the steps: Preview, Question, Read, Reflect, Recite, Review.
    • Cognitive Factors: Includes latent learning and observational learning which affect how individuals learn and develop behavior.

    Classical Conditioning

    • Definition: A learning process where one stimulus elicits a response typically produced by another stimulus.
    • Key Factors: Comprise stimulus and response dynamics; the foundation of classical conditioning.
    • Forms: Encompasses phenomena like taste aversion, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination.
    • Applications: Used in techniques such as flooding, counter-conditioning, and the Bell-and-pad method to modify behaviors or fears.

    Operant Conditioning

    • Definition: A learning process where reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring following a stimulus.
    • Techniques: Incorporates methods such as shaping, programmed learning, and effective classroom discipline strategies.
    • Reinforcement: The main element that strengthens the occurrence of behaviors. Can be positive or negative.
    • Types of Reinforcement:
      • Positive Reinforcers: Enhance behavior frequency when applied.
      • Negative Reinforcers: Increase behavior frequency when their removal occurs.

    Schedules of Reinforcement

    • Continuous Reinforcement: Behavior is reinforced every time it occurs.
    • Partial Reinforcement: Response is reinforced only some of the time.
    • Fixed Interval Schedule: Reinforces behavior after a specified time has passed.
    • Variable Interval Schedule: Reinforces at unpredictable intervals.
    • Fixed Ratio Schedule: Reinforces after a predetermined number of responses.
    • Variable Ratio Schedule: Reinforces after an unpredictable number of responses.

    Responses in Classical Conditioning

    • Unconditioned Stimulus (US): Triggers an automatic, unlearned response.
    • Unconditioned Response (UR): The automatic reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.
    • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus that now elicits a learned response.
    • Conditioned Response (CR): The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.

    Concepts in Conditioning

    • Extinction: Happens when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus, leading to the decrease of the conditioned response.
    • Generalization: Tendency to respond similarly to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.
    • Discrimination: Ability to differentiate responses to different stimuli that are not similar.

    Techniques for Fear Reduction

    • Flooding: Involves exposure to the feared stimulus until the fear response is extinguished.
    • Systematic Desensitization: A gradual process of reducing fear through relaxation techniques.
    • Counterconditioning: Pairing a pleasant stimulus with a feared one to reduce fear.

    Learning Theories

    • Latent Learning: Learning that remains unexpressed until circumstances allow for its application.
    • Observational Learning: Learning that occurs by watching others perform tasks.

    Key Figures

    • Ivan Pavlov: Conducted foundational research in classical conditioning, notably with dogs salivating in response to a bell.

    Additional Notes

    • Spontaneous Recovery: Reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a pause.
    • Primary Reinforcer: An innately reinforcing stimulus that directly fulfills biological needs.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the types of learning discussed in Psychology Chapter 6. This quiz covers key terms like PQ4R, cognitive factors, and classical conditioning. It's designed to help reinforce your understanding of these essential concepts in psychology.

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