Psychology Chapter 6: Mental Health Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is characterized by an individual's inability to go about daily life without distress?

  • Failure to function adequately (correct)
  • Coping mechanisms
  • Psychological resilience
  • Moral insanity

    • Which aspect is NOT considered a sign of ideal mental health according to Jahoda?

  • Possessing a strong sense of identity
  • Ability to grow psychologically
  • Total emotional independence (correct)
  • Realistic perception of experiences

    • What significant change occurred in the classification of homosexuality up to the 1990s?

  • Recognized as a normal variation of sexuality
  • Regarded as a criminal offense
  • Considered a psychological condition
  • Acknowledged as a mental disorder (correct)

    • What is a common factor influencing the distress experienced by individuals who fail to function adequately?

    <p>Interpersonal relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to WHO, how many individuals were estimated to have a mental or substance abuse disorder in 2016?

    <p>More than 1.1 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT an indicator of good mental health identified by Jahoda?

    <p>Dependence on social validation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two psychological disorders are noted to exist across all cultures, according to Myers?

    <p>Depression and schizophrenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'deviation from ideal mental health' refer to?

    <p>Indicators of good mental health suggesting sickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment method is associated with Philippe Pinel's humane approach towards mental disorders?

    <p>Improving the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major shift did the discovery of syphilis lead to in the treatment of mental disorders?

    <p>Introducing a medical model to understand psychological issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the Medical Model of psychological disorders?

    <p>It treats abnormal behavior on the basis of symptoms as if they were diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory emphasizes the role of childhood conflicts in understanding abnormal behavior?

    <p>Psychodynamic theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of cognitive theory in psychology?

    <p>Unhelpful ways of perceiving oneself and the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change in treatment methods did Pinel advocate against?

    <p>Physical restraints and beatings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements reflects a view from the neuroscience perspective on mental disorders?

    <p>There are organic components that may contribute to mental disorders without excluding other factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brutal treatment method listed below was historically used for psychological disorders?

    <p>Trephination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of psychopathology?

    <p>The scientific study of abnormal thoughts, behaviors, and feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is statistical infrequency used to determine abnormality?

    <p>By identifying how common a characteristic is within a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implied by the term 'social norms' in the context of abnormality?

    <p>Behaviors and standards that are typical for a specific group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might deviance from social norms be considered a factor in determining abnormality?

    <p>It shows how behaviors can change with time and context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about psychological disorders is true?

    <p>They can involve dysfunction, distress, and deviancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one limitation of determining abnormality through statistical infrequency?

    <p>It does not account for the desirability of certain traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the definition of abnormal behaviors vary over time?

    <p>Due to changes in societal standards and expectations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of both ends of a normal distribution indicate about human characteristics?

    <p>Traits can be overly common or exceedingly rare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the DSM-5-TR?

    <p>To describe symptoms and guide treatment for psychological disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines the biopsychosocial approach to psychological disorders?

    <p>A method that considers social, cultural, and biological interactions in psychological disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one benefit of diagnosing psychological disorders?

    <p>It creates verbal shorthand for associated symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ICD-II?

    <p>To assist in the global classification of health resources and mental disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically the interval between editions of major diagnostic manuals like the DSM?

    <p>Three to five years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who primarily uses the ICD-II classifications?

    <p>Health insurance providers and program managers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the socio-cultural approach?

    <p>It examines the influence of social forces on behavior and diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the statistical study of similar cases in diagnosis?

    <p>To learn to predict outcomes based on patterns observed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Chapter: 15
    • Author: David G. Myers

    What Do We Mean by the Term Psychological Disorders?

    • Mental health professionals view psychological disorders as patterns of thoughts, feelings, or actions that are deviant, distressful, or dysfunctional.

    Defining Abnormality

    • The field concerned with the scientific study of abnormal thoughts, behaviors, and feelings is psychopathology.
    • The presence of abnormality is determined by a number of factors.

    Statistical Infrequency

    • Statistical infrequency looks at abnormality as anything that differs from the average.
    • A behavior less common among humans is considered abnormal from this perspective.
    • This factor focuses on numbers, not on what is good, bad, desirable, or undesirable.

    Deviation from Social Norms

    • Norms are standards that are typical of a specific group.
    • Social norms are established by the people within a given social context.
    • Deviation from social norms considers abnormality as behaviors that do not conform to the social norms.
    • These norms change over time; for example, homosexuality was considered abnormal and a disorder until the 1990s.

    Failure to Function Adequately

    • Failure to function adequately refers to an individual's ability to manage daily life without distress.
    • Abnormality is considered when someone cannot cope with everyday life circumstances.
    • Distress in others may result from the individual's inability to function adequately, even if the individual does not feel distressed.

    Deviation from Ideal Mental Health

    • Deviation from ideal mental health refers to the presence of symptoms/issues that demonstrate a lack of sound mental health.
    • Jahoda (1958) proposed criteria for ideal mental health, including autonomy, relative independence, realistic perceptions, self-esteem, ability to cope with stressful situations, and functioning well within the environment.

    Incidence of Psychological Disorders

    • An estimated 1.1 billion people worldwide had a mental or substance abuse disorder in 2016.
    • Rates and symptoms of psychological disorders vary according to culture; however, all societies experience psychological disorders, such as depression and schizophrenia.

    Understanding Psychological Disorders

    • What models are used to understand these phenomena?

    In the Past...

    • Treatments for psychological disorders in the past included exorcism, being caged like animals, being beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, being transfused with animal blood, and trephination.

    A Change in Perspective

    • Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) reformed brutal treatment methods, emphasizing that madness was an ailment of the mind.
    • Pinel improved the environment for those with mental illness by replacing beatings with patient dances.

    The Medical Model

    • According to the Medical Model, abnormal behavior is considered a disease (psychopathology).
    • Diagnoses are based on symptoms and treated using therapies.
    • Psychiatric hospitals may be part of the treatment.
    • Medical professionals try to predict future developments. (prognosis).

    Other Perspectives

    • Neuroscience seeks to identify the organic components of mental disorders but does not insist on an exclusively biological cause.
    • Psychological theories trace abnormal behavior to a person's interaction with their environment.

    The Biopsychosocial Approach

    • Biological influences (evolution, individual genes, brain structure, chemistry)
    • Psychological influences (stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions, memories)
    • Social-cultural influences (roles, expectations, definitions of normality and disorder)

    Classifying Disorders

    • Diagnosing disorders is crucial for deciding on the right treatment approach.
    • Diagnosis helps understand the nature and cause of psychological symptoms.

    Classifying Disorders: The Manuals

    • Psychologists use manuals to diagnose psychological disorders.
    • These manuals assist by providing a shorthand for classifying symptoms.
    • Diagnostic manuals allow for statistical analysis of similar cases, predicting outcomes, and guiding treatment.

    The DSM-5-TR

    • The DSM is published by the American Psychiatric Association.
    • It outlines the symptoms associated with various psychological disorders, as well as potential treatments and prognoses.
    • This manual is used by clinicians, insurance providers, and mental health policy makers.
    • The latest version was published in 2022.

    The ICD-11

    • The ICD is published by the World Health Organization.
    • It features descriptions and guidelines for mental and behavioral disorders.
    • Used since 1994, and reimbursed by health insurers.

    Critique of Diagnostic Manuals

    • Diagnostic manuals are often criticized for their difficulty in clearly distinguishing between normal and disordered behavior.
    • Individuals may experience difficulties in navigating treatment due to the changes in diagnostic labels; for example, previous diagnostic labels may lead to loss of benefits.

    Psychological Disorders (Category)

    • Anxiety Disorders
    • OCD
    • PTSD
    • Schizophrenia
    • Mood Disorders
    • Personality Disorders

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    Introduction to Psych Disorders Notes PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts of mental health as outlined in Psychology Chapter 6. This quiz covers definitions, classifications, and significant changes in the understanding of mental disorders. Prepare to explore various theories and the indicators of ideal mental health.

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