Psychology Chapter 6: Mental Health Concepts

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Questions and Answers

What is characterized by an individual's inability to go about daily life without distress?

  • Failure to function adequately (correct)
  • Coping mechanisms
  • Psychological resilience
  • Moral insanity

Which aspect is NOT considered a sign of ideal mental health according to Jahoda?

  • Possessing a strong sense of identity
  • Ability to grow psychologically
  • Total emotional independence (correct)
  • Realistic perception of experiences

What significant change occurred in the classification of homosexuality up to the 1990s?

  • Recognized as a normal variation of sexuality
  • Regarded as a criminal offense
  • Considered a psychological condition
  • Acknowledged as a mental disorder (correct)

What is a common factor influencing the distress experienced by individuals who fail to function adequately?

<p>Interpersonal relationships (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to WHO, how many individuals were estimated to have a mental or substance abuse disorder in 2016?

<p>More than 1.1 billion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT an indicator of good mental health identified by Jahoda?

<p>Dependence on social validation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two psychological disorders are noted to exist across all cultures, according to Myers?

<p>Depression and schizophrenia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'deviation from ideal mental health' refer to?

<p>Indicators of good mental health suggesting sickness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment method is associated with Philippe Pinel's humane approach towards mental disorders?

<p>Improving the environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major shift did the discovery of syphilis lead to in the treatment of mental disorders?

<p>Introducing a medical model to understand psychological issues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Medical Model of psychological disorders?

<p>It treats abnormal behavior on the basis of symptoms as if they were diseases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory emphasizes the role of childhood conflicts in understanding abnormal behavior?

<p>Psychodynamic theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of cognitive theory in psychology?

<p>Unhelpful ways of perceiving oneself and the environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change in treatment methods did Pinel advocate against?

<p>Physical restraints and beatings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects a view from the neuroscience perspective on mental disorders?

<p>There are organic components that may contribute to mental disorders without excluding other factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brutal treatment method listed below was historically used for psychological disorders?

<p>Trephination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of psychopathology?

<p>The scientific study of abnormal thoughts, behaviors, and feelings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is statistical infrequency used to determine abnormality?

<p>By identifying how common a characteristic is within a population (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied by the term 'social norms' in the context of abnormality?

<p>Behaviors and standards that are typical for a specific group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might deviance from social norms be considered a factor in determining abnormality?

<p>It shows how behaviors can change with time and context (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about psychological disorders is true?

<p>They can involve dysfunction, distress, and deviancy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one limitation of determining abnormality through statistical infrequency?

<p>It does not account for the desirability of certain traits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the definition of abnormal behaviors vary over time?

<p>Due to changes in societal standards and expectations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of both ends of a normal distribution indicate about human characteristics?

<p>Traits can be overly common or exceedingly rare. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the DSM-5-TR?

<p>To describe symptoms and guide treatment for psychological disorders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines the biopsychosocial approach to psychological disorders?

<p>A method that considers social, cultural, and biological interactions in psychological disorders (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of diagnosing psychological disorders?

<p>It creates verbal shorthand for associated symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the ICD-II?

<p>To assist in the global classification of health resources and mental disorders (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically the interval between editions of major diagnostic manuals like the DSM?

<p>Three to five years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who primarily uses the ICD-II classifications?

<p>Health insurance providers and program managers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the socio-cultural approach?

<p>It examines the influence of social forces on behavior and diagnosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the statistical study of similar cases in diagnosis?

<p>To learn to predict outcomes based on patterns observed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Psychopathology

A field focused on studying abnormal thoughts, behaviors, and feelings.

Statistical Infrequency

Anything statistically uncommon. If very few people exhibit a characteristic, it's considered abnormal from this perspective.

Deviation From Social Norms

Behaviors that don't align with established societal rules or expectations in a given context.

Distress

Behaviors, thoughts, or feelings that cause distress or discomfort for the individual.

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Dysfunctional Behavior

Behaviors or actions that interfere with an individual's daily functioning, relationships, or overall well-being.

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Cultural Norms

Involves assessing the overall social context in which a behavior occurs to determine normality.

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Abnormality

When a behavior is considered statistically infrequent, deviant from social norms, distressing to the individual, and dysfunctional.

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Abnormal Psychology

The study of psychological disorders, including their causes, symptoms, and treatment.

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Failure to Function Adequately

This approach considers someone abnormal if they have trouble functioning in daily life, causing distress to themselves or others.

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Deviation From Ideal Mental Health

Mental health is seen as a spectrum, with the absence of certain indicators suggesting a mental illness.

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Medical Model

This model suggests abnormality is a symptom of an underlying physical issue, often involving the brain or nervous system.

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Jahoda's Indicators of Good Mental Health

Jahoda proposed six characteristics of good mental health. These indicators suggest a healthy mental state.

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Global Prevalence of Mental Disorders

According to WHO, 1.1 billion people experienced mental or substance abuse disorders in 2016.

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Universal Nature of Mental Disorders

Psychological disorders are widespread, affecting individuals across cultures. Depression and schizophrenia are two commonly observed conditions.

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Models of Understanding Psychological Disorders

Various models exist to help understand the causes and symptoms of psychological disorders.

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Medical Model of Mental Illness

The approach to understanding and treating abnormal behavior, viewing it as a mental illness or disorder. Key concept: Psychological disorders are like diseases.

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Psychological Theories of Abnormal Behavior

A theory that explains abnormal behavior as a result of the interaction between an individual and their environment. Includes various perspectives.

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Psychodynamic Theory

One of the key psychological theories that emphasizes the role of unconscious conflicts stemming from childhood in shaping abnormal behavior.

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Behavioral Theory

A psychological theory that highlights the importance of learning and conditioning in explaining the development of abnormal behaviors.

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Cognitive Theory

A psychological approach that focuses on how individuals' thoughts and interpretations of events influence their emotional and behavioral responses, suggesting abnormal behavior arises from faulty thinking.

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Neuroscience Perspective

An approach to understanding mental disorders that focuses on the biological and genetic factors involved, such as brain structure and chemical imbalances.

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Brutal Treatments of Mental Illness (Past)

A historical approach to treating mental illness that involved physically manipulating the body through practices like exorcism, beating, or even blood transfusions from animals.

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Philippe Pinel

A pioneering figure in advocating for more humane treatment of the mentally ill, replacing brutal methods with a focus on improving the environment surrounding patients.

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Socio-cultural approach

Examines how social factors impact behaviour and diagnoses. It considers the influence of culture, social groups, and relationships on mental health.

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Biopsychosocial approach

A comprehensive approach to mental health that considers biological, psychological, and social factors working together. It acknowledges the interconnectedness of these aspects in understanding and treating disorders.

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Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

A tool used by mental health professionals to categorize and diagnose psychological disorders. It provides a standardized framework for understanding symptoms, causes, and treatment options.

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What is the DSM published by?

Published by the American Psychiatric Association, the DSM provides criteria for diagnosing mental disorders, information on symptoms, and potential treatment approaches.

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Who uses the DSM?

The DSM is used by mental health professionals, policy makers, and insurance providers to plan treatment interventions, allocate resources, and make decisions about healthcare.

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International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

A globally used classification system for diseases and health conditions, including mental disorders. It's published by the World Health Organization.

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What does the ICD provide?

Similar to the DSM, the ICD provides descriptions and diagnostic guidelines for mental and behavioural disorders. It serves as a standardized tool for diagnosing and managing mental health globally.

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Who uses the ICD?

The ICD is used by WHO member states to manage health services, track global health trends, and allocate health resources.

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Study Notes

  • Chapter: 15
  • Author: David G. Myers

What Do We Mean by the Term Psychological Disorders?

  • Mental health professionals view psychological disorders as patterns of thoughts, feelings, or actions that are deviant, distressful, or dysfunctional.

Defining Abnormality

  • The field concerned with the scientific study of abnormal thoughts, behaviors, and feelings is psychopathology.
  • The presence of abnormality is determined by a number of factors.

Statistical Infrequency

  • Statistical infrequency looks at abnormality as anything that differs from the average.
  • A behavior less common among humans is considered abnormal from this perspective.
  • This factor focuses on numbers, not on what is good, bad, desirable, or undesirable.

Deviation from Social Norms

  • Norms are standards that are typical of a specific group.
  • Social norms are established by the people within a given social context.
  • Deviation from social norms considers abnormality as behaviors that do not conform to the social norms.
  • These norms change over time; for example, homosexuality was considered abnormal and a disorder until the 1990s.

Failure to Function Adequately

  • Failure to function adequately refers to an individual's ability to manage daily life without distress.
  • Abnormality is considered when someone cannot cope with everyday life circumstances.
  • Distress in others may result from the individual's inability to function adequately, even if the individual does not feel distressed.

Deviation from Ideal Mental Health

  • Deviation from ideal mental health refers to the presence of symptoms/issues that demonstrate a lack of sound mental health.
  • Jahoda (1958) proposed criteria for ideal mental health, including autonomy, relative independence, realistic perceptions, self-esteem, ability to cope with stressful situations, and functioning well within the environment.

Incidence of Psychological Disorders

  • An estimated 1.1 billion people worldwide had a mental or substance abuse disorder in 2016.
  • Rates and symptoms of psychological disorders vary according to culture; however, all societies experience psychological disorders, such as depression and schizophrenia.

Understanding Psychological Disorders

  • What models are used to understand these phenomena?

In the Past...

  • Treatments for psychological disorders in the past included exorcism, being caged like animals, being beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, being transfused with animal blood, and trephination.

A Change in Perspective

  • Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) reformed brutal treatment methods, emphasizing that madness was an ailment of the mind.
  • Pinel improved the environment for those with mental illness by replacing beatings with patient dances.

The Medical Model

  • According to the Medical Model, abnormal behavior is considered a disease (psychopathology).
  • Diagnoses are based on symptoms and treated using therapies.
  • Psychiatric hospitals may be part of the treatment.
  • Medical professionals try to predict future developments. (prognosis).

Other Perspectives

  • Neuroscience seeks to identify the organic components of mental disorders but does not insist on an exclusively biological cause.
  • Psychological theories trace abnormal behavior to a person's interaction with their environment.

The Biopsychosocial Approach

  • Biological influences (evolution, individual genes, brain structure, chemistry)
  • Psychological influences (stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions, memories)
  • Social-cultural influences (roles, expectations, definitions of normality and disorder)

Classifying Disorders

  • Diagnosing disorders is crucial for deciding on the right treatment approach.
  • Diagnosis helps understand the nature and cause of psychological symptoms.

Classifying Disorders: The Manuals

  • Psychologists use manuals to diagnose psychological disorders.
  • These manuals assist by providing a shorthand for classifying symptoms.
  • Diagnostic manuals allow for statistical analysis of similar cases, predicting outcomes, and guiding treatment.

The DSM-5-TR

  • The DSM is published by the American Psychiatric Association.
  • It outlines the symptoms associated with various psychological disorders, as well as potential treatments and prognoses.
  • This manual is used by clinicians, insurance providers, and mental health policy makers.
  • The latest version was published in 2022.

The ICD-11

  • The ICD is published by the World Health Organization.
  • It features descriptions and guidelines for mental and behavioral disorders.
  • Used since 1994, and reimbursed by health insurers.

Critique of Diagnostic Manuals

  • Diagnostic manuals are often criticized for their difficulty in clearly distinguishing between normal and disordered behavior.
  • Individuals may experience difficulties in navigating treatment due to the changes in diagnostic labels; for example, previous diagnostic labels may lead to loss of benefits.

Psychological Disorders (Category)

  • Anxiety Disorders
  • OCD
  • PTSD
  • Schizophrenia
  • Mood Disorders
  • Personality Disorders

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