Psychology Chapter 6 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What did Roediger and Karpicke find regarding the long-term advantages of study strategies?

STT has an advantage in long-term retention, while SST (cramming) has a short-term advantage.

What is the testing effect?

The testing effect is the finding that long-term memory is increased when some of the learning period is devoted to retrieving the information.

What are some strategies to improve memory?

Distributive practice, elaboration, self-explanation, summarization.

What is prospective memory?

A form of memory that involves remembering to perform a planned action or intention at some future point in time. Signup and view all the answers

What did Eistein and McDaniel study regarding prospective memory?

They studied the effect of memory aids on young and old adults' prospective memory. Signup and view all the answers

What processes are included in metacognition?

Monitoring and controlling. Signup and view all the answers

What did Dunlosky and Hartwig discover about study strategies?

They discovered the Total Time Hypothesis, emphasizing that processing at a deeper level is more important than merely total time spent studying. Signup and view all the answers

What research did McDaniel and Donnelly conduct?

They had students read texts and answer questions, finding a 10% improvement when using elaborative techniques. Signup and view all the answers

What is the total time hypothesis?

The quality of studying matters more than the amount of time spent studying. Signup and view all the answers

What did Bahrich find regarding study timing?

He found that distributive practice is most beneficial for memory retention. Signup and view all the answers

What did Dunning et al. discover about students' retrospective judgments after testing?

Students who were overconfident in their performance scored lower than expected, while those who were accurate performed well. Signup and view all the answers

What did Knhouse, Paradise, and Dunlosky study related to ADHD?

They studied the influence of ADHD on monitoring learning and found that ADHD individuals can assess their learning accurately. Signup and view all the answers

What did Carpenter et al. discover in relation to lecture fluency?

They studied how the presentation of information affects learning outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Roediger and Karpicke

Conducted a study comparing two study methods: SST (studying then testing) and STT (testing after studying).
Found that STT improved long-term retention, while SST had a short-term advantage.
Supports the effectiveness of self-testing over cramming for better long-term learning.

Testing Effect

Increases long-term memory retention by incorporating retrieval of information into study time.
Also known as retrieval practice, practice testing, or test-enhanced learning.
Recognized as a robust phenomenon in cognitive psychology.

Memory Improvement Strategies

Utilizes techniques such as distributed practice, elaboration, self-explanation, and summarization.
Focus on interactive and varied approaches to enhance memory retention.

Prospective Memory

Involves remembering to execute planned intentions at a later time.
Common in daily life, affecting tasks from simple reminders to critical situations.
Factors affecting prospective memory include absentmindedness, divided attention, and habitual routines.

Einstein and McDaniel Study

Investigated the impact of chunking strategies on word list recall among different age groups.
Found that memory aids helped both young and older adults, with younger participants benefiting more significantly.
No overall age deficit in prospective memory; older adults showed higher motivation levels.

Metacognition Processes

Involves monitoring and controlling one's own learning and memory processes.
Monitoring is assessed through comparisons of judgments with actual performance and confidence ratings.
Discrepancies between expected and actual performance can reveal areas for improvement.

Dunlosky and Hartwig Research

Analyzed study strategies employed by students, introducing the Total Time Hypothesis.
Highlighted that the depth of processing is more critical for effective learning than sheer study duration.

McDaniel and Donnely Findings

Participants read texts followed by factual and inferential questions, comparing control and modified groups.
Significant performance improvement (10%) when using elaborative techniques like answering "why" questions.
Reinforces that deeper processing enhances memory retention.

Total Time Hypothesis

Emphasizes that the quality of study methods is more important than the quantity of time spent studying.
Effective study strategies should focus on engagement and understanding.

Bahrich's Research on Distributed Practice

Demonstrated that timing of study impacts memory retention, favoring distributed practice.
Students who spread out their study sessions over a long duration (30 days) performed better than those who studied immediately.

Dunning et al. Study

Explored student self-assessment accuracy post-testing, revealing overconfidence in performance.
Identified two groups: those accurately assessing their knowledge versus those misjudging their abilities.
Coined the "unskilled and unaware effect" to describe individuals unaware of their incompetence.

Knouse, Paradise, and Dunlosky Research

Investigated ADHD's effect on learning monitoring, comparing medicated and non-medicated ADHD groups with a control group.
Found that ADHD individuals can assess their learning capabilities, despite underconfidence and overconfidence categories.

Carpenter et al. Study on Lecture Fluency

Explored the impact of lecture presentation style on student comprehension and retention.
Highlights the influence of instructor effectiveness on learning outcomes.

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Description

This quiz focuses on the research by Roediger and Karpicke regarding study conditions and their effects on long-term retention of information. It explores the advantages of retrieval practice compared to cramming. Test your understanding of their findings and methodologies.