Psychology Chapter 5: Reflexes and Identity
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of the Moro reflex in infants?

  • To prevent choking during feeding
  • To signal a startle response to stimuli (correct)
  • To protect the infant from pain
  • To promote hand-eye coordination

Which identity category involves actively exploring different alternatives without yet making a commitment?

  • Identity Diffusion
  • Identity Achievement
  • Identity Foreclosure
  • Identity Moratorium (correct)

What characteristic is most commonly associated with Down syndrome?

  • Single transverse palmar crease (correct)
  • Increased muscle tone
  • Wide facial features
  • Curled toes

Which reflex is primarily responsible for correcting body orientation in infants?

<p>Righting Reflex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining feature of identity foreclosure?

<p>Obtaining a consistent identity without exploration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the withdrawal reflex?

<p>To protect against injury or pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a lack of commitment and active exploration in identity development?

<p>Identity Diffusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex is primarily associated with the act of walking in infants?

<p>Stepping Reflex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of eliminating poor items during test revision?

<p>To enhance the accuracy of the test measurements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of statement is defined as being universally true?

<p>Analytical statements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does scaling refer to in the context of test development?

<p>The assignment of numbers in measurement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis proposes that no statistical significance exists?

<p>Null hypothesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement type is characterized by the potential to prove it wrong?

<p>Falsifiable statements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age range does the transition to middle adulthood occur?

<p>40–45 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physical skill is typically developed between 0 to 2 years?

<p>Walking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive skill emerges in infants around 2 to 4 months of age?

<p>Visual tracking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following psychosocial developments typically occurs during early childhood (2-5 years)?

<p>Preferred playmates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When do children generally learn to crawl?

<p>5–8 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common physical development in late childhood (6–12 years)?

<p>Skillful running (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ability is typically expected to emerge in children aged 5 to 10 months?

<p>Pulling self to stand (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which age range do children start to show awareness of gender roles?

<p>2–5 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During adolescence, what type of thinking begins to develop?

<p>Some abstract thinking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical fine motor skill that occurs in children aged 10 to 14 months?

<p>Building towers of cubes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Klinefelter syndrome characterized by?

<p>An extra X chromosome in males (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes adults who are simultaneously raising children and caring for aging parents?

<p>Sandwich generation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by the emotional distress parents feel after their children leave home?

<p>Empty nest syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between grief and mourning?

<p>Grief refers to a normal reaction; mourning refers to the cultural practices around loss. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes complicated grief?

<p>An intense and longer reaction to grief (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to describe young adults returning home after living independently?

<p>Boomerang kids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between reliability and validity in testing?

<p>A test cannot be valid unless it is reliable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are bridge jobs typically characterized by?

<p>Part-time work between careers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes criterion validity?

<p>The degree to which a test corresponds to a criterion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately defines bereavement?

<p>The period after a loss during which grief occurs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the concept of reliability in testing?

<p>A higher number of items generally increases reliability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of validity measures the ability of a test to predict a future outcome?

<p>Predictive Validity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does systematic error in Classical Test Theory refer to?

<p>Errors leading to a true score obtainable by measurement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The classical test theory states that a person's observed score is affected by which factors?

<p>Their true score and measurement errors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of reliability, what does a reliability coefficient of 1 indicate?

<p>Perfect reliability with no measurement error. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using a criterion test in criterion validity?

<p>To establish a standard for comparison with a well-established test. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the alternative hypothesis propose?

<p>It indicates that a statistical significance exists. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a Guttman scale, agreeing with the strongest statement means what?

<p>You agree with all weaker statements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered as an independent variable in research?

<p>The variable manipulated by the researcher. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an extraneous variable?

<p>A variable not under investigation that can affect the dependent variable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which experimental design has subjects serving in one condition of the independent variable?

<p>Between-subject design (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes an item bank?

<p>A set of good items typically used in computer testing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the ceiling effect describe?

<p>The reduced effectiveness of tests for high performing individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a cumulative model, what does a higher score indicate?

<p>Higher ability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Stepping Reflex

An automatic reflex in newborns where they move their legs as if to walk when held upright.

Infancy (0–2 years)

Developmental stage from birth to age two, characterized by rapid physical, cognitive, and psychosocial growth.

Middle Adulthood (40–65 years)

A period of life between early and late adulthood, characterized by varying physical and cognitive changes.

Late Adulthood (65+ years)

Developmental stage starting at age 65, characterized by gradual physical and cognitive decline.

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Pincer Grip

The ability to grasp small objects using the thumb and forefinger.

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Language Acquisition

The process of acquiring language skills, which unfolds gradually during childhood.

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Problem Solving

The cognitive process of finding solutions to challenging situations.

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Vocabulary Growth

The expansion of a person's understanding and use of words over time.

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Attachment

The emotional bond between a child and their caregiver(s).

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Puberty

Period of rapid physical and sexual development during adolescence.

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Moro Reflex

A startle reflex in babies, characterized by extending legs, arms, and fingers, arching back, and drawing back the head.

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Righting Reflex

A reflex helping babies align their head and spinal cord.

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Down Syndrome

A chromosomal abnormality, often with an extra 21st chromosome, characterized by physical features and developmental delays.

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Simian Crease

A single transverse crease across the palm of the hand, a common physical characteristic of Down Syndrome.

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Identity Achievement

Process of actively exploring identity alternatives and committing to a consistent identity.

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Identity Moratorium

Actively exploring various roles without yet making a commitment.

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Identity Foreclosure

Accepting a committed identity without exploring alternatives.

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Identity Diffusion

Lack of exploration and commitment to an identity.

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Klinefelter Syndrome

A genetic condition in males where they have an extra X chromosome, resulting in XXY. This leads to underdeveloped testes, enlarged breasts, and taller stature.

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Fragile X Syndrome

A genetic disorder caused by an abnormality in the X chromosome, leading to intellectual disability, especially in males. Individuals with Fragile X often have a long and narrow face and large eyes.

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Empty Nest

The period when children have grown up and left their parents' home.

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Boomerang Kids

Young adults who return to live with their parents after having lived independently.

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Sandwich Generation

Adults who are responsible for caring for both their aging parents and their own children.

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Kinkeeping

The role of maintaining family connections, promoting solidarity, and ensuring family continuity.

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Grief

A normal reaction to loss, involving emotional and physical responses to the loss of a loved one.

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Mourning

The process of adapting to a loss, influenced by cultural practices and involving outward expressions of grief.

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Validity

The meaning and usefulness of the results of a test. It reflects how well the test measures what it claims to measure.

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Psychometric Properties

Characteristics of a test that determine its quality and appropriateness. These include reliability and validity.

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Reliability

The consistency, accuracy, and dependability of test results. It's how consistent the test results are over time and across different situations.

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Criterion Validity

How well a test corresponds to a specific criterion. It measures the test's ability to predict or correlate with a particular outcome.

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Predictive Validity

A type of criterion validity that measures a test's ability to forecast a future outcome. It assesses how well a test predicts future performance.

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Concurrent Validity

A type of criterion validity that measures the relationship between a test and a particular outcome at the same time. It assesses how well a test reflects current performance.

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Systematic Error

A consistent error that affects all measurements in the same way. It can be identified and corrected, allowing for the calculation of the true score.

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Classical Test Theory (CTT)

A theory that assumes each person has a true score that would be obtained if there were no errors in measurement. It focuses on identifying and minimizing error in test scores.

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Test Utility

The practical usefulness or value of a test. It's about whether the test serves its purpose.

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Test Conceptualization

The initial stage of test development involving defining what the test is, why it's needed, who it's for, and how it will be used.

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Test Construction

The process of creating and building the actual test, including selecting items and arranging them.

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Scaling

Assigning numbers to measurement outcomes to create a meaningful scale. For example, a Likert scale assigns numbers to responses like 'strongly agree', 'agree', etc.

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Falsifiable Statement

A statement that can be proven wrong by evidence. It's essential for scientific research to be able to disprove hypotheses.

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Alternative Hypothesis

A statement that proposes a statistical significance exists between variables, suggesting a relationship or difference worth investigating.

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Guttman Scale

A measurement scale where items are ordered from weakest to strongest (or vice versa). Agreeing with a stronger item implies agreement with all weaker items.

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Independent Variable

The variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher to observe its effect on another variable.

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Dependent Variable

The variable that is being measured and observed in response to changes in the independent variable.

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Extraneous Variable

Any variable, other than the independent variable, that could potentially influence the dependent variable and affect the results.

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Item Pool

A collection of potential test questions or items that are initially considered for a final test.

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Item Bank

A collection of proven, high-quality test items that are used repeatedly in different assessments, usually in computer-administered testing.

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Item Branching

A method where the presentation of test items is tailored based on the participant's responses to previous items, creating a customized testing experience.

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Study Notes

Age and Development

  • Prenatal: Begins at conception, implantation in the uterine wall, and ends at birth.
  • Infancy and Toddlerhood: Starts at birth, continues until age 2.
  • Early Childhood: Starts at age 2, continues until age 6.
  • Middle and Late Childhood: Starts at age 6, lasts until puberty (onset of adolescence).
  • Adolescence: Begins at puberty, continues until age 18.
  • Emerging Adulthood: Starts at age 18, continues until age 25.
  • Early Adulthood: Begins at age 25, lasts until age 40-45.
  • Middle Adulthood: Starts at age 40-45, continues until age 65.
  • Late Adulthood: Starts at age 65, continues onward.

Gross and Fine Motor Development

  • Infants (0-12 months):
    • Gross Motor: Stepping reflex, lifts head, sits with support, stands with support, crawls, stands and walks alone, walks, climbs, runs, jumps, skips, rides a tricycle.
    • Fine Motor: Grasps objects, sucks, gains control of eye movement, first smile, grasps a cube near, reaches and grasps objects, points to objects, grasps in thumb and finger grip, grasps spoon and directs food to mouth, place objects in containers, and builds towers of cubes.

Developmental Milestones

  • Age (months): 1-3 months: Displays stepping reflex, lifts head.

  • Age (months): 2-4 months: Lifts head and uses arms for support (prone).

  • Age (months): 5-8 months: Sits with support.

  • Age (months): 5-10 months: Sits without support.

  • Age (months): 7 months: Pulls self to stand.

  • Age (months): 10-14 months: Stands and walks alone.

  • Age (months): 13-18 months: Walks backwards, walks sideways, runs, climbs stairs.

  • Age (months): 18-30 Months: Runs easily, jumps, skips, rides and steers a tricycle, walks on tiptoes.

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CS-Reviewer PDF - Developmental Psychology

Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts from Psychology Chapter 5, which covers infant reflexes and identity development. This quiz features questions about various reflexes, identity statuses, and characteristics associated with developmental psychology. Perfect for students studying child psychology and identity formation.

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