Psychology Chapter 5 Quiz Questions
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Questions and Answers

Which term best describes a voxel?

  • A small cube-shaped area of the brain about 2 mm on each side. (correct)
  • An electrode used to measure brain activity.
  • The retinal area on which an image is projected.
  • The basic unit of sensation.

    • What was the general finding of Gibson and Peterson's reversible figure/ground study?

  • The meaningfulness of an image had a large effect on figure-ground segregation. (correct)
  • Meaningfulness only had an effect when images appeared on the left side.
  • Meaningful images were just as likely to be seen as figures or ground.
  • Inverting the entire image led to slower response times.

    • According to the Gestalt principle, why did Corey perceive two groups of birds when some seagulls changed direction?

  • Pragnanz.
  • Uniform connectedness.
  • Synchrony.
  • Common fate. (correct)

    • What term best describes objects in the foreground of a scene?

    <p>Figure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic defines a voxel?

    <p>It is small and cube-shaped, approximately 2 mm on each side.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Gibson and Peterson's study, what effect did meaningfulness have on figure-ground perception?

    <p>The meaningfulness of an image had a large effect on figure-ground segregation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely thing Sally will remember about the reversible-image illusion she saw?

    <p>The location of the vase in the illusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central feature of the reversible-image illusion Sally observed?

    <p>The color contrast between the vase and the blue box</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might capture Sally's attention the most in the reversible-image illusion she experienced?

    <p>The position of the vase in relation to the blue box</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the reversible-image illusion would likely stand out to Sally as the most intriguing?

    <p>The ambiguity in perceiving both vase and box</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What detail of the reversible-image illusion would Sally be most likely to describe to others?

    <p>The constant flip between seeing a vase and a box</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature of the reversible-image illusion would Sally be most inclined to discuss with her friends?

    <p>The optical illusion making it reversible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results when two eyes receive totally different images and the brain can't combine the two images?

    <p><strong>Binocular rivalry</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    When figure-ground segregation occurs, what does border ownership refer to?

    <p><strong>Is perceived to be associated with the figure.</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a masking stimulus?

    <p><strong>Stop persistence of vision.</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of object evokes a strong sense of surrounding space when seen or imagined in isolation?

    <p><strong>Spatially-bound</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Kamitani and Tong (2005), how many orientations were tested with the 'orientation decoders' developed?

    <p><strong>Eight</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during visual masking?

    <p><strong>The figure seems to blur into the background.</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Gestalt psychologists use the example of illusory contours to support?

    <p>Perceptions are formed by combining sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which problem demonstrates that numerous physical stimuli can create the same image on the retina?

    <p>Inverse projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle explains the grouping of stimuli based on shared orientation, shape, and/or size?

    <p>Similarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Palmer's (1975) study, which picture was identified correctly 80% of the time after viewing a kitchen scene?

    <p>A loaf of bread matching the context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Bev Doolittle print of 'The Forest Has Eyes' demonstrates which principle affecting perceptual organization?

    <p>Common region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the Gestalt view of perception?

    <p>'The whole is equal to the sum of its parts'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do humans use to distinguish shape from shading?

    <p>Light-from-above assumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study by Tong, et al. (1998) using binocular rivalry to test brain responses, what happened when the person perceived a house?

    <p>PPA increased, but not in the FFA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of current computer programs in identifying objects?

    <p>Make errors that a human would never make</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would you expect when reviewing dozens of photographs of various scenes on social media based on the text?

    <p>Horizontal and vertical orientations most common</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of orientation would be most common in photographs of various scenes based on the information provided?

    <p>Horizontal and vertical orientations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In identifying objects, how do current computer programs compare to human performance based on the text?

    <p>Below human performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of procedure involves injecting a radioactive isotope into the bloodstream and tracing it through the brain?

    <p>Removing or destroying a specific area of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the brain does an electrode respond best to orientations of 45 degrees?

    <p>Adjacent column of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do most signals travel via the optic nerve from the retina?

    <p>Lateral geniculate nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain structure was removed in Patient H.M. to control his epileptic seizures?

    <p>Hippocampi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of placing an electrode in an orientation column that responds best to 45 degrees?

    <p>To stimulate adjacent columns of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the difference in intensity between light bars and dark bars?

    <p>Contrast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cortical organization, what effect arises from humans having more cortical neurons responding to horizontal and vertical orientations than slanted orientations?

    <p>Oblique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a visual stimulus that contains alternating black and white bars?

    <p>Grating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an illusion where line 1 appears longer than line 2 but line 2 is actually longer, what do the results suggest about the interaction between the ventral and dorsal stream?

    <p>The visual illusion affects both streams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regarding the organization of columns in the cortex, which statement is true?

    <p>An orientation column can contain many location columns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a stimulus that contains alternating black and white bars?

    <p>Interlacing pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the cortical magnification factor in humans?

    <p>A small area in the peripheral retina accounts for a large area on the cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did researchers find about the properties of the ventral and dorsal streams using techniques of recording from neurons and ablation?

    <p>Established by two different types of bipolar cells in the retina.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Ungerleider and Mishkin’s research, what difficulty did monkeys who had their temporal lobes removed experience?

    <p>Discriminating between objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the fact that neurons' response properties can be shaped by perceptual experience?

    <p>Plasticity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did patient D.F.'s results with visual form agnosia demonstrate about perception and action?

    <p>The inability to draw items is due to a lack of general knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which finding resulted from Ungerleider and Mishkin’s (1982) research involving monkeys with temporal lobe removal?

    <p>Discriminating between objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a large object, such as a tree trunk, is present, what happens to the firing of neurons?

    <p>Every neuron in one location column fires.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of pathway is the dorsal stream according to Milner and Goodale?

    <p>Action pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe does the dorsal pathway go to?

    <p>Parietal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of relationship are the results of losing Function A in Area A and losing Function B in Area B best described as?

    <p>Double dissociation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a kitten is exposed only to horizontal lines, what would happen to its cortical cell responses?

    <p>Cells would respond to horizontal lines, but not to vertical lines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What area in the temporal lobe specializes in recognizing faces?

    <p>FFA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the blind spot located?

    <p>Where the optic nerve leaves the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition results in the destruction of peripheral rod receptors, leading to poorer peripheral vision?

    <p>Retinitis pigmentosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chemical reacts to light to start the process of transduction?

    <p>Retinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do newborns have poor acuity?

    <p>The rods are not developed at birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimuli are used in the preferential looking technique of testing infant acuity?

    <p>Gratings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Limulus, what stimulation will result in the greatest firing rate recorded from receptor 'A'?

    <p>Stimulating A with 10 units and stimulating B with 10 units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study mentioned, where do horizontal cells converge onto?

    <p>Peripheral cones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct statement regarding the Purkinje shift?

    <p>Blues appear brighter than reds in well-lit conditions, and blues also appear brighter than reds in dim conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step of the perceptual process is associated most closely with converging circuits involving excitation and inhibition?

    <p>Neural processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct method to measure cone spectral sensitivity?

    <p>Looking up and blinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which wavelength on the electromagnetic spectrum corresponds to radio waves?

    <p>X-rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When comparing how rods and cones converge onto other retinal neurons, what is the correct relationship?

    <p>Rods converge more than foveal cones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does human lateral inhibition most likely involve?

    <p>Bipolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes a retinal condition that destroys the cones in the fovea?

    <p>Macular degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is triggered by the isomerization of a single pigment molecule?

    <p>Chain reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of vision, convergence results in what changes in sensitivity and acuity?

    <p>Increased sensitivity and decreased acuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signifies that an eyeball is too long, resulting in difficulty seeing far away objects?

    <p>Axial myopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does our perception of the environment begin according to the text?

    <p>Proximal stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cell body in a neuron?

    <p>Holding the mechanism that keeps the cell alive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the nerve fiber is changed to create the flow of ions that lead to an action potential?

    <p>Permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step in synaptic transmission?

    <p>Chlorine rushes out of the neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a neuron is at rest, what is its electrical potential?

    <p>$-70$ millivolts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the question regarding how physiologic processes lead to our experiences?

    <p>Neuro-physiological question</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle called where specific functions are served by specific cortical areas?

    <p>Modularity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the neuron is primarily responsible for receiving signals from other neurons?

    <p>Receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of fMRI technology when trying to understand brain activity?

    <p>Cannot detect the activity of individual neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the action potential phase involves the movement of ions into the axon?

    <p>Sodium channel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In neural representation, what term describes the perception of a painful stimulus and multiple responses within the body?

    <p>Distributed representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key feature characterizes the coding by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons?

    <p>Population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of input affects the postsynaptic neuron's rate of firing?

    <p>Both excitation and inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the amplitude of the action potential of a single neuron as stimulus intensity increases?

    <p>The amplitude of the action potential increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a 'grandmother' cell?

    <p>Fires in response to one specific stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Quiroga et al. (2008) study sensory coding?

    <p>Using implanted electrodes in the temporal lobe of epileptic patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain imaging technique can create images of brain structures but cannot indicate neural activity?

    <p>MRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ion flows into the neuron when a signal starts to come through the axon?

    <p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the signal from a single neuron typically recorded?

    <p>A recording electrode and a reference electrode can measure the difference in charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of task best describes the game 'Whack-a-Mole'?

    <p>Parallel task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the perceptual process, what is analogous to the pressure from a button press being converted into electrical energy?

    <p>Transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of processing is involved when trying to read a note with poor handwriting?

    <p>Top-down processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychophysical method presents stimuli in varying intensities in ascending and descending orders?

    <p>Method of limits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a patient who has had a stroke is asked to name an object by a neurologist, what aspect of cognition is being tested?

    <p>Recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the method of magnitude estimation yield a measure of?

    <p>Perceived magnitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive ability allows the resident to reassure their alarmed friend about the loud bangs near the railroad tracks?

    <p>Recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the steps of the perceptual process?

    <p>The sequence of steps is dynamic and constantly changing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of processing is based on stimuli reaching the receptors?

    <p>Bottom-up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what method does a participant assign a numerical value to a 'standard stimulus'?

    <p>Magnitude estimation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a driver notices that closer stationary objects appear to move faster than farther ones, what technique of perception is being used?

    <p>Relative motion perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a technique where participants are given a 'standard stimulus' to rate its intensity?

    <p>Magnitude scaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Fechner’s psychophysical methods?

    <p>To measure mental activity quantitatively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT used to measure the quantitative relationship between stimulus and perception?

    <p>Behavioral observations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of brain functions, what does the question 'What do you see?' primarily inquire about?

    <p>Recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did computer scientists develop 'Perceiving machines' that can negotiate the environment with human-like ease?

    <p>They have not been developed yet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain structure is responsible for language, memory, and thinking in addition to creating perceptions?

    <p>Cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Activating sensory receptors' is a critical step in which process?

    <p>Experiencing what you want to experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Visual form agnosia is a problem related to which step in the perceptual process?

    <p>Recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the perceptual process, which category represents the first stage?

    <p>Stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When designing adapted products for individuals with difficulty grasping items, what question is most likely on the intern's mind during observation?

    <p>How do the children interact with the crayons?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon involves the perception of a painful stimulus and multiple bodily responses?

    <p>Transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect characterizes the dorsal pathway in visual processing?

    <p>High spatial resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

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