Psychology Chapter 5 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of contextual cueing in the search process?

To increase the cognitive load by adding irrelevant background information

To enhance memory retrieval through verbal prompts

To use prior knowledge to guide the efficient location of a target (correct)

To provide a tactile feedback mechanism for better memory retention

What characterizes a conjunction search task from other search types?

It involves the presence of multiple features to define a target (correct)

It allows for rapid target identification based only on color

It is simplified through the use of auditory cues instead of visual ones

It relies solely on peripheral vision for target detection

What does parsimony in scientific practice refer to?

Overly complicating explanations for phenomena

Disregarding theories without overwhelming proof

Choosing the simplest theory with the most explanatory power (correct)

Choosing a complex theory with extensive explanations

Which of the following best explains the phenomenon of overattending in the spatial cueing paradigm?

Concentrating attention on the area of visual fixation Signup and view all the answers

How does inductive reasoning function in scientific research?

It builds theories based on observed incidents. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is essential for claims and theories in scientific research?

They must be derived from observable and testable phenomena. Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of the three basic steps involved in the memory process?

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval Signup and view all the answers

How does chronic attentional errors contribute to psychological issues?

They may exacerbate conditions such as attention deficit and anxiety. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes dependent variables from independent variables in an experiment?

Dependent variables are what are being affected in response to manipulation. Signup and view all the answers

What role does conservatism play in scientific theory development?

Requires strong evidence for new theories before acceptance. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes validity in the context of hypothesis testing?

The ability of a test to accurately measure what it intends to measure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of generalizability in scientific research?

Findings should apply universally to all scenarios with the same causes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of emphatic swearing?

Intended to emphasize strong emotions. Signup and view all the answers

Which learning strategy is most beneficial for identifying areas that need further practice?

Practice Testing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a consequence of the illusion of multitasking?

Increased overall performance. Signup and view all the answers

How does interleaved practice differ from traditional study methods?

Mixes different types of problems within study sessions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key limitation of the rereading strategy for learning?

It does not promote long-lasting retention. Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy can help students create associations using mental imagery?

Imagery for Text Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of cathartic swearing?

Expressing frustration with a curse word after an injury. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Pomodoro Technique involve?

Completing tasks without any distractions for a set period. Signup and view all the answers

Which learning strategy may not be effective for younger students due to their background knowledge limitations?

Self Explanation Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary disadvantage of using highlighting/underlining as a study technique?

It fails to lead to long-lasting retention. Signup and view all the answers

Which brain area is primarily associated with the emotional response to taboo words when swearing?

Basal Ganglia Signup and view all the answers

What type of swear words are particularly more potent in religious societies?

Supernatural swearing Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is activated when a person hears someone swear at them?

Amygdala Signup and view all the answers

Which category of swearing evokes emotions of disgust?

Body Effluvia & Organs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following expressions best reflects emotions of dread?

A pox on you Signup and view all the answers

Swear words related to which topic typically trigger emotions associated with negative experiences like exploitation and jealousy?

Sexuality Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the phenomenon of swearing without intention, such as observed in Tourette's Syndrome?

Basal Ganglia overactivation Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes swearing that relates to bodily functions and evokes feelings of disgust?

Body Effluvia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a common category of swearing as presented?

Emotional Signup and view all the answers

What does the semantic filter take into account when evaluating incoming stimuli?

The deeper meaning and relevance of stimuli Signup and view all the answers

In the Stroop Task, what is measured when participants are presented with incongruent items?

The time taken to identify the colour ignoring the written word Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of increasing the number of congruent trials in the Stroop Task?

Increased Stroop Effect Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the characteristics of automatic processes in the context of the Stroop Task?

Word reading occurs involuntarily and without conscious control Signup and view all the answers

How does the semantic filter influence information selection?

It chooses which information to attend to while discarding others Signup and view all the answers

What concept is demonstrated by the Stroop Task through its manipulation of trial types?

The ability to exert conscious control over automated processes Signup and view all the answers

What was Broadbent's primary finding related to the dichotic listening paradigm?

Listeners effectively attend to one stream of information while ignoring another Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between automatic processes and controlled processes in the context of the Stroop Task?

Conscious attempts can manipulate automatic processing to improve performance Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily measured in the Stroop Task when researchers assess Stroop interference?

The time taken to name the color of the text Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

PSYCH 1X03 Final Exam Study Notes

Introduction to Psychology (McMaster University)
The course covers the scientific method, levels of analysis, different types of research methods, and various topics within psychology, such as classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning, language, memory, attention, and more.

Lesson 1: Intro to Psych & Research Methods

Thinking fast (reaction) vs. slow (deeper thought)
Some psychological knowledge is false (e.g., learning styles).
Perspectives in psychology shape the types of questions asked and answers discovered.
Psychological processes rely on biology and prior experiences (biases & heuristics).
We have limited access to reality.
The scientific method minimizes biases and assumptions in research.
Steps include theory formulation, hypothesis generation, method selection, data collection, data analysis, report findings, and theory revision.
Levels of analysis involve different perspectives on the same topic, needing to be considered for accurate theories.

Scientific Approach to Psychology

Scientific methods explore specific phenomena.
Parsimony: Simpler theories with greater explanatory power are preferred.
Natural order: Same effects are attributed to the same causes.

Research Methods

Generalizability ensures that causes and effects apply across situations.
Conservatism is skepticism towards new theories until robust evidence.
Empirical Adequacy means claims and theories are based on observable and testable phenomena.
Inductive reasoning moves from specific facts to a theory; deductive from theory to prediction.
Reliability- consistency of a test- giving the same output with the same input.
Validity- accuracy of a test- measuring what it intends to measure.
Anecdotal evidence comes from personal or others' experiences.
Independent variable is manipulated; dependent variable is affected.
Experimental groups receive the manipulated variable; control groups are compared.
Within-subject design manipulates the IV on the same participant.
Between-subject design uses a control group.
Sampling involves choosing participants.
Random sampling is essential for representativeness.
Confounds are variables other than the IV affecting results.

Statistics

Descriptive statistics summarize data (mean, median, mode, visual displays).
Frequency distributions show how values appear in a data set.
Normal distributions are curves balanced on both sides of the peak (bell curve).
Measures of central tendency (Mean- average, median- center, mode - most frequent).
Measures of variability (standard deviation- dispersion of scores from the mean).
Statistical Significance is the probability that results are not due to chance (p-value).
Inferential statistics use data to make inferences about wider populations (e.g., t-tests).

Lesson 2: Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning pairs stimuli (US → UR → CS → CR).
Unconditioned Stimulus (US): automatically triggers a response (UR).
Unconditioned Response (UR): natural response to the US.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): paired with the US to elicit a response.
Conditioned Response (CR): learned response to the CS.
Acquisition is the process where the association between US and CS is learned.
Extinction is the loss of the learned response when the CS is presented repeatedly without the US.
Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of the CR after a rest period.

Lesson 3: Instrumental Conditioning

Instrumental conditioning links voluntary behaviours with their consequences.
Basic principles include stamping in (positive consequences- behaviors increase) and stamping out (negative consequences- behaviors decrease).
Thorndike's Law of Effect- satisfactory behaviors increase; unsatisfactory behaviors decrease.
Operant chamber (e.g., box experiment), is used for studying instrumental conditioning.
Reinforcers increase behavior; punishers decrease behavior.
Types of reinforcers (primary, secondary).
Types of instrumental conditioning (reward, punishment, omission, time-out).
The schedule of reinforcement affects the rate and pattern of learned behaviors.
Acquisition is the process of learning the contingency between behavior and consequence.

Lesson 4: Problem Solving & Intelligence

Intelligence is defined as whatever intelligence tests measure and involves the ability to learn from experiences and adapt.
Hypothetical construct, not directly observable.
Problem solving strategies include deductive (general to specific) and inductive (specific to general).
History of intelligence testing: Galton, Binet, Stanford-Binet, Spearman, Gardner.
Intelligence tests assess cognitive abilities.
Developmental psychology and intelligence: Piaget's stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational).

Lesson 5: Language

Language- the primary form of human communication.
The Whorf-Sapir hypothesis proposes that language influences thought and perception.
Components of language include morphemes (smallest meaningful units) and phonemes (smallest sound units).
Language development occurs systematically throughout childhood, with milestones including cooing, babbling, and first words.
Language development is influenced by biological, social, and environmental factors.

Lesson 6: Science of Learning

Effective learning strategies include practice testing (self-testing), distributed practice (spreading study sessions), and interleaved practice (mixing different topics).
Research Methods are essential in support of understanding various theories.
Memory Strategies (e.g., elaborative interrogation, self-explanation, summarization, mnemonics, imagery).
Long-term learning strategies are more efficient than short-term methods like cramming

Lesson 7: Concepts & Categories

Categorization- mental grouping of objects or ideas into categories.
Prototype theory- judging objects by comparing their characteristics and typical representation of the category.
Exemplar theory- remembering instances of category membership.
Lee Brooke's Experiment.

Lesson 8: Attention

Attention- the process of focusing mental resources on specific information, excluding distractions.
Two models of attention in psychology (automatic, controlled).
Spotlighted Model- describes the limited nature of attentional capacity in the environment.
Cocktail Party Effect.
Visual searching, Selective Attention, Filtering Models (Cherry, Treisman), Stroop task.

Lesson 9: Memories

Encoding, storage and retrieval.
Theories of memory (e.g.-multi-store, levels of processing).
Forgetting- causes and effects.
Memory distortions, false memories.
Errors in encoding and/or retrieval.

Lesson 10: Forming Impressions

Attribution theories- explaining behaviour (situational, dispositional).
Fundamental attribution error- bias in attributing behavior to internal factors.
Norm formation- how we are affected and influence social behaviors.

Lesson 11: Influence of Others

Social Facilitation- improved performance through the presence of others.
Social Loafing- reduced effort in group settings.
Bystander effect- decreased likelihood of assistance in emergencies when multiple bystanders are present.
Conformity- influence of group pressure on behaviour.
Diffusion of responsibility in a group setting.
Obedience to authority relates to decision making processes in groups, especially in situations involving social pressure.

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Description

Test your understanding of key concepts from Psychology Chapter 5. This quiz covers topics such as contextual cueing, inductive reasoning, and the scientific method. Challenge yourself on terms such as validity, overattending, and attentional errors in psychology.