Psychology Chapter 5 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of contextual cueing in the search process?

  • To increase the cognitive load by adding irrelevant background information
  • To enhance memory retrieval through verbal prompts
  • To use prior knowledge to guide the efficient location of a target (correct)
  • To provide a tactile feedback mechanism for better memory retention

    • What characterizes a conjunction search task from other search types?

  • It involves the presence of multiple features to define a target (correct)
  • It allows for rapid target identification based only on color
  • It is simplified through the use of auditory cues instead of visual ones
  • It relies solely on peripheral vision for target detection

    • What does parsimony in scientific practice refer to?

  • Overly complicating explanations for phenomena
  • Disregarding theories without overwhelming proof
  • Choosing the simplest theory with the most explanatory power (correct)
  • Choosing a complex theory with extensive explanations

    • Which of the following best explains the phenomenon of overattending in the spatial cueing paradigm?

    <p>Concentrating attention on the area of visual fixation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does inductive reasoning function in scientific research?

    <p>It builds theories based on observed incidents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is essential for claims and theories in scientific research?

    <p>They must be derived from observable and testable phenomena. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of the three basic steps involved in the memory process?

    <p>Encoding, Storage, Retrieval (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does chronic attentional errors contribute to psychological issues?

    <p>They may exacerbate conditions such as attention deficit and anxiety. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes dependent variables from independent variables in an experiment?

    <p>Dependent variables are what are being affected in response to manipulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does conservatism play in scientific theory development?

    <p>Requires strong evidence for new theories before acceptance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes validity in the context of hypothesis testing?

    <p>The ability of a test to accurately measure what it intends to measure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of generalizability in scientific research?

    <p>Findings should apply universally to all scenarios with the same causes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of emphatic swearing?

    <p>Intended to emphasize strong emotions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which learning strategy is most beneficial for identifying areas that need further practice?

    <p>Practice Testing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a consequence of the illusion of multitasking?

    <p>Increased overall performance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does interleaved practice differ from traditional study methods?

    <p>Mixes different types of problems within study sessions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key limitation of the rereading strategy for learning?

    <p>It does not promote long-lasting retention. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy can help students create associations using mental imagery?

    <p>Imagery for Text (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of cathartic swearing?

    <p>Expressing frustration with a curse word after an injury. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Pomodoro Technique involve?

    <p>Completing tasks without any distractions for a set period. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which learning strategy may not be effective for younger students due to their background knowledge limitations?

    <p>Self Explanation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary disadvantage of using highlighting/underlining as a study technique?

    <p>It fails to lead to long-lasting retention. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain area is primarily associated with the emotional response to taboo words when swearing?

    <p>Basal Ganglia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of swear words are particularly more potent in religious societies?

    <p>Supernatural swearing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is activated when a person hears someone swear at them?

    <p>Amygdala (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of swearing evokes emotions of disgust?

    <p>Body Effluvia &amp; Organs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following expressions best reflects emotions of dread?

    <p>A pox on you (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Swear words related to which topic typically trigger emotions associated with negative experiences like exploitation and jealousy?

    <p>Sexuality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the phenomenon of swearing without intention, such as observed in Tourette's Syndrome?

    <p>Basal Ganglia overactivation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes swearing that relates to bodily functions and evokes feelings of disgust?

    <p>Body Effluvia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a common category of swearing as presented?

    <p>Emotional (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the semantic filter take into account when evaluating incoming stimuli?

    <p>The deeper meaning and relevance of stimuli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Stroop Task, what is measured when participants are presented with incongruent items?

    <p>The time taken to identify the colour ignoring the written word (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of increasing the number of congruent trials in the Stroop Task?

    <p>Increased Stroop Effect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately reflects the characteristics of automatic processes in the context of the Stroop Task?

    <p>Word reading occurs involuntarily and without conscious control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the semantic filter influence information selection?

    <p>It chooses which information to attend to while discarding others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept is demonstrated by the Stroop Task through its manipulation of trial types?

    <p>The ability to exert conscious control over automated processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Broadbent's primary finding related to the dichotic listening paradigm?

    <p>Listeners effectively attend to one stream of information while ignoring another (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between automatic processes and controlled processes in the context of the Stroop Task?

    <p>Conscious attempts can manipulate automatic processing to improve performance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily measured in the Stroop Task when researchers assess Stroop interference?

    <p>The time taken to name the color of the text (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Scientific Approach to Psychology

    Using specific research methods to study phenomena and find connections between variables.

    Parsimony

    Choosing the simplest theory that explains data effectively.

    Generalizability

    Ensuring observed cause-and-effect relationships apply in similar situations.

    Inductive Reasoning

    Building theories based on observed events.

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    Deductive Reasoning

    Making predictions about phenomena based on a theory.

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    Independent Variable

    The factor being manipulated in an experiment.

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    Anecdotal Evidence

    Evidence based on personal experiences or stories of others, not systematic data.

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    Swear words' emotion

    Swear words evoke strong emotions, often negative ones, acting as reminders of unpleasant experiences or dehumanizing situations.

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    Swearing's purpose

    Swearing can be used to hurt, create an image, or express strong emotions.

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    Basal Ganglia and swearing

    The basal ganglia is a brain region activated when swearing.

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    Amygdala and swearing

    The amygdala becomes activated when hearing or experiencing swearing.

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    Religious swearing

    Swearing using religious names evokes strong emotions, particularly in religious societies.

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    Swearing related to body functions

    Swearing related to body functions (e.g., "shit," "piss") evokes feelings of disgust.

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    Swearing related to sickness/death

    Swearing related to sickness or death (e.g., "plague") evokes feelings of dread.

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    Swearing related to sexuality

    Swearing related to sexuality (e.g., "f**k") creates negative emotional reactions.

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    Right Hemisphere

    The brain's right hemisphere processes taboo words and their associated negative emotions.

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    Set Size Effect

    Increasing the number of items in a visual search task makes it more difficult to find a target item.

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    Pop Out Effect

    The ability to quickly identify a target with a unique feature (e.g., color) amidst distractors, regardless of set size.

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    Conjunction Search Task

    A search where the target is defined by two or more features (e.g., a red circle among red squares and blue circles).

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    Contextual Cueing

    Using prior knowledge or experience to guide a search, making it more efficient.

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    Attentional Errors

    Mistakes that occur due to a lack of focus or attention, leading to minor inconveniences in daily life.

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    Dysphemistic Swearing

    Intentionally using harsh or offensive words to express strong emotions.

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    Euphemism

    Using milder words to replace taboo or offensive language.

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    Emphatic Swearing

    Using swear words to emphasize emotions or make a point.

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    Cathartic Swearing

    Releasing pent-up emotions through swearing, providing relief.

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    Rage Circuit Theory

    Suggests that swearing is a primal response to pain or injury, similar to animal vocalizations.

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    Practice Testing

    Regularly testing yourself on learned material to identify weaknesses and improve learning.

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    Distributed Practice

    Spreading out learning sessions over time to enhance retention and understanding.

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    Interleaved Practice

    Mixing different types of problems or concepts within a study session to improve long-term memory.

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    Elaborative Interrogation

    Creating explanations for why a concept is true to deepen understanding.

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    Self Explanation

    Explaining new information by connecting it to existing knowledge, rather than simply paraphrasing.

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    Physical Filter

    The first stage of attention that analyzes incoming sensory information based on physical cues like intensity or pitch. It assigns weights to different stimuli based on their physical characteristics, allowing the most relevant information to pass through.

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    Semantic Filter

    The second stage of attention that evaluates information based on its meaning and relevance. It takes into account the weights assigned by the physical filter and decides which information should be consciously attended to.

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    Dichotic Listening

    A task where participants hear different messages simultaneously in each ear and are instructed to attend to only one. This task explores how our attention filters out irrelevant information.

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    Breakthrough Effect

    A phenomenon in dichotic listening where a message presented to the unattended ear is noticed if it contains personally relevant information, such as your name.

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    Stroop Task

    A popular task in attention research where participants are presented with colored words and asked to name the color of the ink. It highlights the conflict between automatic and controlled processing.

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    Congruent Items

    In the Stroop task, these are trials where the word and the ink color match. For example, the word 'RED' written in red ink.

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    Incongruent Items

    In the Stroop task, these are trials where the word and the ink color don't match. For example, the word 'RED' written in blue ink.

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    Stroop Effect

    The slower response time for incongruent items in the Stroop task. This demonstrates that automatic processes like reading can interfere with controlled processes like naming colors.

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    Visual Search

    A task where participants look for a target among a set of distractors. This task explores how efficiently we can find specific objects in our visual field.

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    Automatic Processing

    A cognitive process that occurs without conscious effort or intention. For example, reading a word.

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    Study Notes

    PSYCH 1X03 Final Exam Study Notes

    • Introduction to Psychology (McMaster University)
    • The course covers the scientific method, levels of analysis, different types of research methods, and various topics within psychology, such as classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning, language, memory, attention, and more.

    Lesson 1: Intro to Psych & Research Methods

    • Thinking fast (reaction) vs. slow (deeper thought)
    • Some psychological knowledge is false (e.g., learning styles).
    • Perspectives in psychology shape the types of questions asked and answers discovered.
    • Psychological processes rely on biology and prior experiences (biases & heuristics).
    • We have limited access to reality.
    • The scientific method minimizes biases and assumptions in research.
    • Steps include theory formulation, hypothesis generation, method selection, data collection, data analysis, report findings, and theory revision.
    • Levels of analysis involve different perspectives on the same topic, needing to be considered for accurate theories.

    Scientific Approach to Psychology

    • Scientific methods explore specific phenomena.
    • Parsimony: Simpler theories with greater explanatory power are preferred.
    • Natural order: Same effects are attributed to the same causes.

    Research Methods

    • Generalizability ensures that causes and effects apply across situations.
    • Conservatism is skepticism towards new theories until robust evidence.
    • Empirical Adequacy means claims and theories are based on observable and testable phenomena.
    • Inductive reasoning moves from specific facts to a theory; deductive from theory to prediction.
    • Reliability- consistency of a test- giving the same output with the same input.
    • Validity- accuracy of a test- measuring what it intends to measure.
    • Anecdotal evidence comes from personal or others' experiences.
    • Independent variable is manipulated; dependent variable is affected.
    • Experimental groups receive the manipulated variable; control groups are compared.
    • Within-subject design manipulates the IV on the same participant.
    • Between-subject design uses a control group.
    • Sampling involves choosing participants.
    • Random sampling is essential for representativeness.
    • Confounds are variables other than the IV affecting results.

    Statistics

    • Descriptive statistics summarize data (mean, median, mode, visual displays).
    • Frequency distributions show how values appear in a data set.
    • Normal distributions are curves balanced on both sides of the peak (bell curve).
    • Measures of central tendency (Mean- average, median- center, mode - most frequent).
    • Measures of variability (standard deviation- dispersion of scores from the mean).
    • Statistical Significance is the probability that results are not due to chance (p-value).
    • Inferential statistics use data to make inferences about wider populations (e.g., t-tests).

    Lesson 2: Classical Conditioning

    • Classical conditioning pairs stimuli (US → UR → CS → CR).
    • Unconditioned Stimulus (US): automatically triggers a response (UR).
    • Unconditioned Response (UR): natural response to the US.
    • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): paired with the US to elicit a response.
    • Conditioned Response (CR): learned response to the CS.
    • Acquisition is the process where the association between US and CS is learned.
    • Extinction is the loss of the learned response when the CS is presented repeatedly without the US.
    • Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of the CR after a rest period.

    Lesson 3: Instrumental Conditioning

    • Instrumental conditioning links voluntary behaviours with their consequences.
    • Basic principles include stamping in (positive consequences- behaviors increase) and stamping out (negative consequences- behaviors decrease).
    • Thorndike's Law of Effect- satisfactory behaviors increase; unsatisfactory behaviors decrease.
    • Operant chamber (e.g., box experiment), is used for studying instrumental conditioning.
    • Reinforcers increase behavior; punishers decrease behavior.
    • Types of reinforcers (primary, secondary).
    • Types of instrumental conditioning (reward, punishment, omission, time-out).
    • The schedule of reinforcement affects the rate and pattern of learned behaviors.
    • Acquisition is the process of learning the contingency between behavior and consequence.

    Lesson 4: Problem Solving & Intelligence

    • Intelligence is defined as whatever intelligence tests measure and involves the ability to learn from experiences and adapt.
    • Hypothetical construct, not directly observable.
    • Problem solving strategies include deductive (general to specific) and inductive (specific to general).
    • History of intelligence testing: Galton, Binet, Stanford-Binet, Spearman, Gardner.
    • Intelligence tests assess cognitive abilities.
    • Developmental psychology and intelligence: Piaget's stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational).

    Lesson 5: Language

    • Language- the primary form of human communication.
    • The Whorf-Sapir hypothesis proposes that language influences thought and perception.
    • Components of language include morphemes (smallest meaningful units) and phonemes (smallest sound units).
    • Language development occurs systematically throughout childhood, with milestones including cooing, babbling, and first words.
    • Language development is influenced by biological, social, and environmental factors.

    Lesson 6: Science of Learning

    • Effective learning strategies include practice testing (self-testing), distributed practice (spreading study sessions), and interleaved practice (mixing different topics).
    • Research Methods are essential in support of understanding various theories.
    • Memory Strategies (e.g., elaborative interrogation, self-explanation, summarization, mnemonics, imagery).
    • Long-term learning strategies are more efficient than short-term methods like cramming

    Lesson 7: Concepts & Categories

    • Categorization- mental grouping of objects or ideas into categories.
    • Prototype theory- judging objects by comparing their characteristics and typical representation of the category.
    • Exemplar theory- remembering instances of category membership.
    • Lee Brooke's Experiment.

    Lesson 8: Attention

    • Attention- the process of focusing mental resources on specific information, excluding distractions.
    • Two models of attention in psychology (automatic, controlled).
    • Spotlighted Model- describes the limited nature of attentional capacity in the environment.
    • Cocktail Party Effect.
    • Visual searching, Selective Attention, Filtering Models (Cherry, Treisman), Stroop task.

    Lesson 9: Memories

    • Encoding, storage and retrieval.
    • Theories of memory (e.g.-multi-store, levels of processing).
    • Forgetting- causes and effects.
    • Memory distortions, false memories.
    • Errors in encoding and/or retrieval.

    Lesson 10: Forming Impressions

    • Attribution theories- explaining behaviour (situational, dispositional).
    • Fundamental attribution error- bias in attributing behavior to internal factors.
    • Norm formation- how we are affected and influence social behaviors.

    Lesson 11: Influence of Others

    • Social Facilitation- improved performance through the presence of others.
    • Social Loafing- reduced effort in group settings.
    • Bystander effect- decreased likelihood of assistance in emergencies when multiple bystanders are present.
    • Conformity- influence of group pressure on behaviour.
    • Diffusion of responsibility in a group setting.
    • Obedience to authority relates to decision making processes in groups, especially in situations involving social pressure.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of key concepts from Psychology Chapter 5. This quiz covers topics such as contextual cueing, inductive reasoning, and the scientific method. Challenge yourself on terms such as validity, overattending, and attentional errors in psychology.

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