Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which technique involves a client sharing thoughts while a therapist probes for unconscious events?
Which technique involves a client sharing thoughts while a therapist probes for unconscious events?
What term describes a shift of feelings from childhood figures to the therapist?
What term describes a shift of feelings from childhood figures to the therapist?
What is essential to accompany catharsis for resolving conflicts?
What is essential to accompany catharsis for resolving conflicts?
What is a common criticism of psychodynamic approaches?
What is a common criticism of psychodynamic approaches?
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Which technique aims to alter a client's dysfunctional reaction to specific stimuli?
Which technique aims to alter a client's dysfunctional reaction to specific stimuli?
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Which approach implements rewards and punishment to modify behavior?
Which approach implements rewards and punishment to modify behavior?
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What method involves therapists demonstrating behaviors for clients to imitate?
What method involves therapists demonstrating behaviors for clients to imitate?
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What type of therapy is particularly effective for treating phobias and anxiety?
What type of therapy is particularly effective for treating phobias and anxiety?
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What are the three essential features of all therapies?
What are the three essential features of all therapies?
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Which professional is not typically included in the category of clinicians who conduct therapy?
Which professional is not typically included in the category of clinicians who conduct therapy?
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What is the primary function of psychotropic drugs in biological treatments?
What is the primary function of psychotropic drugs in biological treatments?
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Which group represents the majority of individuals seeking therapy for anxiety and depression?
Which group represents the majority of individuals seeking therapy for anxiety and depression?
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What issue do Canadians with severe psychological disorders often face after hospital treatment?
What issue do Canadians with severe psychological disorders often face after hospital treatment?
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In what settings is therapy typically conducted?
In what settings is therapy typically conducted?
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What has contributed to a reduction in the stigma associated with mental illness?
What has contributed to a reduction in the stigma associated with mental illness?
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Which of the following is NOT classified as a psychotropic drug?
Which of the following is NOT classified as a psychotropic drug?
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What is the primary function of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
What is the primary function of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
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Which neurotransmitter is NOT mentioned as being affected by placebos?
Which neurotransmitter is NOT mentioned as being affected by placebos?
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What is a significant criticism of biological treatments?
What is a significant criticism of biological treatments?
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What is the purpose of Vagus Nerve Stimulation?
What is the purpose of Vagus Nerve Stimulation?
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How does Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) treat depression?
How does Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) treat depression?
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What percentage of contemporary clinical psychologists focus on psychodynamic therapies?
What percentage of contemporary clinical psychologists focus on psychodynamic therapies?
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What does the lobotomy procedure involve?
What does the lobotomy procedure involve?
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What is a potential effect of using placebos in treatment?
What is a potential effect of using placebos in treatment?
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What is one of the key principles of community mental health treatment?
What is one of the key principles of community mental health treatment?
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What does family systems theory suggest about changing individual behavior?
What does family systems theory suggest about changing individual behavior?
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What percentage of Canadian marriages fail before the 13th anniversary?
What percentage of Canadian marriages fail before the 13th anniversary?
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Which type of therapy is specifically mentioned as beneficial for phobias?
Which type of therapy is specifically mentioned as beneficial for phobias?
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Members of ethnic minority groups are generally less likely to seek therapy. What might contribute to this?
Members of ethnic minority groups are generally less likely to seek therapy. What might contribute to this?
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What aspect is emphasized in gender-sensitive therapies?
What aspect is emphasized in gender-sensitive therapies?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the effectiveness of therapy?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the effectiveness of therapy?
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Which type of therapy involves two people in a relationship?
Which type of therapy involves two people in a relationship?
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What is a primary strength of behavioural approaches in therapy?
What is a primary strength of behavioural approaches in therapy?
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Which cognitive therapy is specifically noted for its effectiveness with anxiety and assertiveness issues?
Which cognitive therapy is specifically noted for its effectiveness with anxiety and assertiveness issues?
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Which of the following is a criticism of cognitive-behavioural therapies?
Which of the following is a criticism of cognitive-behavioural therapies?
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What does client-centred therapy primarily aim to provide?
What does client-centred therapy primarily aim to provide?
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In which type of therapy do clients accept their thoughts rather than trying to eliminate them?
In which type of therapy do clients accept their thoughts rather than trying to eliminate them?
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What is a key component of Gestalt therapy's approach?
What is a key component of Gestalt therapy's approach?
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What is a common format of therapy that involves several clients meeting together?
What is a common format of therapy that involves several clients meeting together?
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Which cognitive therapy is considered as effective as drug therapy for treating depression?
Which cognitive therapy is considered as effective as drug therapy for treating depression?
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What do humanistic therapists believe about individuals and their potential?
What do humanistic therapists believe about individuals and their potential?
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What aspect of mental health disorders is particularly challenging for research, according to humanistic and existential therapies?
What aspect of mental health disorders is particularly challenging for research, according to humanistic and existential therapies?
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Study Notes
Chapter 16: Treatment of Psychological Disorders
- The chapter focuses on various treatments for psychological disorders
- Three essential features of all therapies are: a person seeking help, a trained healer, and a series of contacts aimed at changing attitudes, emotions, or behaviours
- Psychotherapies use words and actions to overcome psychological issues
- Biological therapies use drugs or physiological interventions like surgery
- Approximately 20 million North Americans seek therapy annually, with anxiety or depression being the most common reasons.
- Women account for about two-thirds of therapy clients, compared to one-third for men
- White individuals are more likely to seek treatment than members of other ethnic groups
Learning Objectives
- The course covers treatment in today's world, biological treatments, psychodynamic therapies, behavioural therapies, cognitive-behavioural therapies, humanistic and existential therapies, therapy formats, therapy effectiveness, and final thoughts on the subject.
Who Conducts Therapy?
- Clinicians include clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counsellors
Stigma
- Stigma associated with mental illness has decreased significantly
- Stigma plays a role in individuals’ decision to acknowledge their mental issues and seek treatment
Where is Treatment Conducted?
- Treatment is conducted in public institutions (hospitals, clinics, schools), private offices
- Most individuals are treated as outpatients
- Individuals with severe psychological disorders often loop through hospital discharges and readmissions and frequently become homeless
- The Canadian Mental Health Act outlines patient rights and involuntary hospital admission procedures
Biological Treatments
- Drug Therapy: Psychotropic drugs primarily affect the brain. Examples include antianxiety drugs, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and antipsychotics. Table 16-2 lists some commonly prescribed psychotropic drugs for different symptoms.
- Placebos: The placebo effect affects self-appraisal, but not the underlying disorder.
- Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): A treatment for severe depression that involves sending an electrical current through the brain.
- Vagus Nerve Stimulation: Implanted pulse generators send signals to the vagus nerve, reducing depression
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): A non-invasive procedure that uses electromagnetic coils to send current into the prefrontal cortex.
- Lobotomy: A surgical practice that cuts connections between the frontal lobe and lower brain centres.
- Deep Brain Stimulation: Implanted electrodes deliver low doses of electricity, useful in treating depression, Parkinson's Disease, and other disorders.
Assessing Biological Approaches
- Strengths: Often provides relief after other methods fail, showing promise in research
- Criticisms: Potential for undesirable side effects, lack of consideration of environmental and experience factors
Psychodynamic Therapies
- Focus on past emotional trauma
- About 15% of contemporary clinical psychologists practice this approach
- Different types include psychoanalysis, short-term psychodynamic therapy, and relational psychoanalytic therapy
Psychodynamic Techniques
- Free Association: Clients initiate discussions, therapist probes to uncover unconscious events
- Therapist Interpretation: Therapist interprets client communications
- Resistance: Blocks in free associations or changes in the subject matter
- Transference: Shifting of feelings from childhood figures to therapist
- Catharsis: Reliving past repressed emotions to resolve conflicts
- Working Through: Repeatedly examining an issue to enhance clarity
Assessing Psychodynamic Approaches
- Strengths: Pioneered systematic application of theory and techniques to treatment; broadened perspectives
- Criticisms: Limited research support for effectiveness
Behavioural Therapies
- Abnormal behaviors are learned, similar to adaptive behaviors
- Techniques include classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and modelling
- The goal is to identify problem behaviors and replace them with healthy behaviors
- Effective in treating phobias, anxiety issues
Classical Conditioning Techniques
- Systematic Desensitization: Technique for treating phobias, PTSD, asthma attacks
- Aversion Therapy: Increases anxiety response to harmful stimuli
Operant Conditioning Techniques
- Consistently rewards desirable behaviors and withholds rewards for undesirable behaviors
- Effective method in hospital settings with psychotic patients and educational settings
Behavioural Therapies (Continued)
- Token Economies: Reward positive behaviors with tokens that can be exchanged for privileges or rewards
Assessing Behavioural Approaches
- Strengths: Widely studied, effective for numerous problems
- Criticisms: Changes might require additional therapies for long-term success, not effective for all disorders (non-specific distress)
Cognitive-Behavioural Therapies
- A combination of behavioral and cognitive therapy
- Disorders are rooted in maladaptive thought patterns
- Types include Ellis's rational-emotive behavioral therapy, Beck's cognitive therapy, and second-wave cognitive-behavioral therapies
Cognitive Therapies
- Ellis's Rational-Emotive Therapy: Identifying irrational assumptions leading to emotional and behavioral problems, then replacing assumptions
- Beck's Cognitive Therapy: Therapist helps clients discover negative thoughts and use alternative thinking patterns
- Second-wave Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies: Clients accept problematic thoughts instead of trying to eliminate them
Assessing Cognitive-Behavioural Therapies
- Strengths: Well-supported by research, effective for various disorders
- Criticisms: Uncertain role of cognition, unclear efficacy of specific components
Humanistic and Existential Therapies
- Humanists believe humans are born with the capacity for self-fulfillment
- Existentialists emphasize individual responsibility and present events
- Techniques include Gestalt therapy (challenging/frustrating techniques, role-playing, rules) and Roger's client-centered therapy (active listening, unconditional positive regard, genuineness)
Assessing Humanistic and Existential Therapies
- Strengths: Appealing to clinicians, emphasize positive human qualities
- Criticisms: Difficult to investigate, research support is partial
Formats of Therapy
- Individual therapy: One-on-one sessions with a therapist
- Group therapy: Several clients with similar issues meet concurrently
- Self-help groups: People with shared problems gather for mutual support
- Family therapy: Family members participate as a unit, improving understanding of family interaction dynamics
- Couple therapy: Relationship issues are addressed with both partners present
- Community treatment: Therapy in a familiar community setting
Does Therapy Work?
- Empirically supported treatment movement emphasizes research-backed therapies
- Therapy is more effective than no treatment or a placebo
- Specific therapies are effective for certain disorders (e.g., behavioural for phobias, cognitive-behavioural for anxiety, drug therapy for schizophrenia/bipolar)
- Cultural and gender considerations should be incorporated
Wrapping Up
- Psychology offers many levels of mental process investigation
- Psychology promises better understanding of humanity
Succeeding on MC Tests
- Studying for multiple-choice tests
- Note-taking and self-testing are key strategies.
- Read questions double times, avoid guessing when uncertain
- Ensure adequate attention to details and break when needed.
Final Exam Information
- 90 questions covering all course material
- Questions concerning the first half of chapters 1, 2 and Appendix B, 3, and 6, 7, and 12 will be focused on the first 50 questions
- Questions concerning chapters 15 and 16 will constitute the remaining 40 questions
- The exam lasts two hours.
- It is suggested to arrive early.
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Description
Test your knowledge of key concepts from Chapter 5 of Psychology. This quiz covers various therapeutic techniques, the roles of clinicians, and the functions of psychotropic drugs. Challenge yourself to understand the nuances of psychodynamic and behavioral therapies and their applications in treating psychological disorders.
