Psychology Chapter 5: Psychosexual Development
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary conflict during the oral stage?

  • Repression of feelings
  • Weaning (correct)
  • Sexual attraction
  • Toilet training

During which psychosexual stage does the Oedipus complex occur?

  • Anal stage
  • Oral stage
  • Phallic stage (correct)
  • Latency stage

What personality trait is associated with an anal retentive personality?

  • Chaotic and disorganized
  • Outgoing and friendly
  • Messy and destructive
  • Neat and stingy (correct)

What develops during the anal stage of Freud’s psychosexual development?

<p>Ego (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes individuals who are fixated in the anal stage and display messy and hostile traits?

<p>Anal expulsive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What follows the phallic stage in Freud’s psychosexual development?

<p>Latency stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the shared memories of all members of the human species, according to Jung?

<p>Collective unconscious (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Neo-Freudians differ from Freud in their theories?

<p>They developed alternative theories of psychoanalysis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do behaviorists consider personality to be?

<p>A set of learned responses or habits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the interaction of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior according to Bandura?

<p>Reciprocal determinism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do social cognitive theorists view the learning process?

<p>As influenced by personal expectancies and behaviors of others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is self-efficacy?

<p>A perception of effectiveness in specific circumstances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the striving to fulfill one’s innate capacities and capabilities?

<p>Self-actualizing tendency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of unconditional positive regard in Rogers' theory?

<p>Positive regard without conditions or limits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do trait theories of personality aim to describe?

<p>The characteristics that compose human personality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the 'real self' defined in personality theories?

<p>One’s perception of actual traits and abilities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept does Jung refer to when he mentions the shared mental patterns across humanity?

<p>Collective unconscious (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of archetypes in Jung's theory?

<p>They are universal themes echoed in literature and art. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Jung's 'persona' represent in his theory of personality?

<p>The outward face presented to others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Jung define the 'anima/animus' in his personality theory?

<p>The hidden masculine traits in women and feminine traits in men (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Jung, what is the ultimate aim of every individual?

<p>Achieving selfhood and unity in experience (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is primarily associated with introverts according to Jung's typology?

<p>They prefer a private space and solitude. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Adler consider the central psychological element of neurosis?

<p>Sense of inferiority and inadequacy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the process of compensation goes awry, according to Adler?

<p>It intensifies feelings of inferiority and control loss. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What personality trait indicates a person’s tendency to be sociable, energetic, and assertive?

<p>Extraversion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cultural dimension describes the acceptance of unequal power distribution?

<p>Power Distance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with low agreeableness?

<p>Competitive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A culture that emphasizes group cohesion and collective interests is classified under which dimension?

<p>Collectivism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does high neuroticism indicate about a person’s emotional state?

<p>Anxious and moody (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic best describes a high score in uncertainty avoidance?

<p>Need for clear rules and stability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Hofstede's dimensions, which trait is associated with cultures that value achievement and assertiveness?

<p>Masculine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individuals who are organized, careful, and focused on goals are typically described as having what personality trait?

<p>Conscientiousness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant result of overcompensation in a child?

<p>Development of an inferiority complex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes a superiority complex?

<p>It manifests as an exaggerated need to display superiority. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary advantage do first-born children typically have?

<p>They are recognized first by their parents. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Adler's view, what is a common challenge faced by second-born children?

<p>Experiencing a constant struggle for superiority. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential outcome for the youngest child in a family?

<p>They may lack necessary self-confidence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Adler describe the behavior of children with a superiority complex?

<p>They can be impertinent, arrogant, and pugnacious. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied by Adler regarding birth order and personality?

<p>Birth order can predict certain personality tendencies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do younger children in a family strive for, according to Adler?

<p>Proving themselves and overcoming feelings of inferiority. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?

<p>To diagnose mental disorders and assess personality structure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following inventories focuses on measuring five broad dimensions of personality?

<p>NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological assessment includes 16 different personality types based on dichotomies?

<p>Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique feature does the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) provide?

<p>Scales measuring interpersonal behavior and social interactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personality inventory is specifically designed to assess personality traits in non-clinical populations?

<p>Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing characteristic of the NEO Personality Inventory?

<p>It assesses five dimensions with detailed subscales. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of assessment involves counting the frequency of particular behaviors?

<p>Frequency Count (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features is characteristic of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)?

<p>Measures 16 primary and five global personality factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Oral Stage

The first stage of Freud's psychosexual development, occurring during the first year of life, where the mouth is the primary source of pleasure. This stage is dominated by the id, with weaning being the main conflict.

Anal Stage

The second stage of Freud's psychosexual development, occurring between 1 and 3 years of age, where the anus is the primary source of pleasure. Toilet training becomes the central conflict, and the ego begins to develop.

Anal Expulsive Personality

A personality type characterized by messiness, destructiveness, and hostility. It is linked to fixation in Freud's anal stage due to overly lenient toilet training.

Anal Retentive Personality

A personality type marked by neatness, fussiness, stinginess, and stubbornness. It is attributed to fixation in Freud's anal stage due to overly strict toilet training.

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Phallic Stage

The third stage of Freud's psychosexual development, occurring from 3 to 6 years of age. Children begin to discover their sexual feelings. This is when the superego starts to develop.

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Oedipus Complex

A complex occurring during the phallic stage, where a child develops an attraction to the parent of the opposite sex and jealousy towards the same-sex parent.

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Identification

A defense mechanism where a person tries to become like someone else to manage anxiety. It's often associated with the Oedipus complex.

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Personal Unconscious

Jung's term for the unconscious mind as understood by Freud. It contains hidden memories and experiences from individual life.

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Collective Unconscious

A universal and inherited reservoir of unconscious, primal patterns and memories shared by all humans, expressed through symbols, myths, and archetypes.

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Archetypes

Universal, recurring patterns of behavior, images, or ideas found across cultures, representing archetypal themes and motifs.

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Persona

The public persona or mask we present to the world, often concealing our true selves.

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Anima

The unconscious feminine side present in men, representing their nurturing, intuitive, and emotional aspects.

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Animus

The unconscious masculine side present in women, representing their assertive, logical, and driven aspects.

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Shadow

The shadow self, representing the dark, hidden, and often repressed aspects of our personality, capable of both destructive and creative impulses.

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Individuation

The process of integrating all aspects of our personality, including the conscious and unconscious, leading to wholeness and self-realization.

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Introvert

A personality type characterized by a preference for solitude, introspection, and the inner world of thoughts, feelings, and imagination.

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Uncertainty Avoidance

Describes the extent to which a culture tolerates ambiguity and uncertainty.

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Masculinity vs. Femininity

Measures the degree to which a culture values traditionally masculine traits (e.g., competitiveness) versus feminine traits (e.g., nurturing).

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Individualism vs. Collectivism

The extent to which individuals prioritize personal goals over group goals or vice versa.

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Power Distance

The degree to which less powerful members of a society expect and accept unequal power distribution.

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Extraversion

Indicates the level of sociability, energy, and assertiveness a person exhibits.

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Neuroticism

Measures the degree of emotional stability and tendency to experience negative emotions such as anxiety and mood swings.

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Agreeableness

Reflects a person’s tendency to be compassionate, cooperative, and friendly.

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Conscientiousness

Indicates the extent to which someone is focused, efficient, and self-disciplined.

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Inferiority Complex

A feeling of inadequacy that drives a person to prove their superiority. This occurs when a person strives for excessive compensation to rectify perceived inferiority, leading to exaggerated behavior.

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Superiority Complex

A pattern of behavior where someone constantly seeks dominance and validation, overcompensating for perceived weaknesses.

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Birth Order

The position or order of a child's birth within a family, significantly influencing their personality development.

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First-born

First-born children are often perceived as more responsible, organized, and rule-abiding due to their early position in the family.

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Second-born

Second-born children are often competitive and driven to achieve as they aim to surpass their older siblings.

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Youngest Child

Youngest children may struggle with feelings of inferiority and strive to prove themselves in a family dynamic that often feels set.

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Successful Youngest Child

A type of youngest child who thrives in the family due to the constant push to excel and achieve, leading to a strong sense of capability.

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Unsuccessful Youngest Child

A type of youngest child who struggles to achieve due to a lack of confidence and struggles to gain recognition.

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Self-actualizing tendency

The tendency for people to strive to fulfill their innate capacities and capabilities. This drive pushes individuals to reach their full potential and become the best version of themselves.

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Self-concept

The image of oneself that develops from interactions with significant people in one's life. It's how we see ourselves, often influenced by feedback and experiences.

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Real self

The perception of one's actual characteristics, talents, and abilities. It's the honest and realistic view of oneself.

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Ideal self

The perception of who one would like to be or should be. It's the ideal image we hold of ourselves.

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Unconditional positive regard

Positive regard given without any conditions or expectations. It's accepting and valuing someone unconditionally.

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Fully functioning person

A person who is in touch with and trusts their deepest feelings and urges. They live authentically and embrace their true selves.

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Trait theories

Theories that describe personality by identifying specific traits or characteristics that make up human behavior. These theories try to predict future behavior.

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Social cognitive view

The process of learning through observing others' behaviors and their consequences. This theory emphasizes the role of cognitive processes like anticipation and memory.

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NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI)

A personality assessment that measures the Big Five personality traits, including Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. It provides a detailed look at each dimension with sub-scales.

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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

A popular tool used to understand personality types based on preferences in perception and judgment. It classifies individuals into 16 personality types based on four dichotomies: Introversion vs. Extraversion, Sensing vs. Intuition, Thinking vs. Feeling, and Judging vs. Perceiving.

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A psychological assessment, widely used for diagnosing mental disorders and evaluating personality structure. It contains over 500 true-false questions, including scales for various psychological conditions (e.g., depression, paranoia) and validity scales to assess response accuracy.

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California Psychological Inventory (CPI)

A personality assessment designed to evaluate personality traits relevant to interpersonal behavior and social interactions in non-clinical populations. It includes scales for socialization, self-control, and interpersonal relationships, often used in organizational settings.

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Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)

A personality assessment that measures 16 primary personality factors and five global factors, providing a comprehensive overview of personality.

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Frequency Count

A type of assessment where the frequency of a specific behavior is counted. It helps understand how often a particular behavior occurs.

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Rating Scale

An assessment where a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior listed in the scale.

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Assessment

A type of assessment that involves a systematic process of gathering and analyzing information to evaluate a student's learning, progress, achievements, or abilities.

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Study Notes

Personality

  • Personality encompasses unique and relatively stable ways individuals think, feel, and behave
  • Character involves moral and ethical judgments of a person
  • Temperament refers to enduring characteristics present at birth

Four Perspectives in Studying Personality

  • Psychoanalytic: Founded by Sigmund Freud, focusing on unconscious processes, early childhood experiences, and the interplay of id, ego, and superego
  • Behavioristic/Social Cognitive: Emphasizes observable behaviors, learned responses, and environmental influences in shaping personality
  • Humanistic: Highlights subjective experiences, personal growth, and self-actualization
  • Trait: Focuses on identifying enduring personality traits (e.g., openness, conscientiousness)

Sigmund Freud

  • Founder of psychoanalytic movement
  • Lived during the Victorian era in Europe, which influenced his views on sexuality and gender roles in society.
  • Believed men could struggle to control their desires, especially during Victorian times.
  • Noticed women, especially upper-class women, were not expected to have sexual urges during this era.

Divisions of Consciousness

  • Conscious mind: Aware of immediate surroundings and perceptions
  • Preconscious mind: Information available but not currently conscious
  • Unconscious mind: Thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information inaccessible to conscious awareness; might surface in dreams or slips of the tongue

Freud's Theory: Parts of Personality

  • Id: Present at birth, driven by the pleasure principle (immediate gratification)
  • Ego: Develops from the need to deal with reality; operates on the reality principle (delay gratification)
  • Superego: Acts as a moral center; includes ego ideal (standards for moral behavior) and conscience (guilt)

Freud's Theory: Stages of Personality Development

  • Psychosexual stages are five stages linked with sexual development
  • Oral stage: First year; mouth is the focus; weaning is a major conflict
  • Anal stage: 1-3 years; bowel/bladder control; anal expulsive (messy) or anal retentive (neat) personalities
  • Phallic stage: 3-6 years; genitals; Oedipus/Electra complexes; development of superego
  • Latency stage: 6 years to puberty; sexual feelings are repressed; focus on social and intellectual development
  • Genital stage: Puberty onward; sexual feelings re-emerge; focus on mature relationships; a resolution of previous conflicts

Neo-Freudians

  • Followers of Freud who developed their own psychoanalytic theories
  • Included Jung, who emphasized collective unconscious and archetypes; and Adler, who focused on feelings of inferiority
  • Horney also developed a theory emphasizing social and cultural factors in personality development, highlighting basic anxiety and neurotic needs

Carl Jung's Theory of Personality

  • A universal theory of human types
  • Emphasized collective unconscious (shared human experiences and memories) and archetypes
  • Distinguished between personal unconscious (Freud's equivalent) and collective unconscious
  • Introduced introversion and extroversion as key personality dimensions

William Sheldon's Type Theory

  • Associated body types (endomorphic, mesomorphic, ectomorphic) with personality traits

Alfred Adler's Personality Theory

  • Emphasized feelings of inferiority and the compensatory drive towards superiority
  • Introduced the concepts of inferiority complex and superiority complex

Behaviorism and Personality

  • Behaviors are learned responses (habits)
  • Social-cognitive view emphasizes cognitive processes like anticipation, memory, and imitation

Humanistic Theories of Personality (Rogers)

  • Focus on individual potential and self-actualization
  • Emphases self-concept and self-actualization tendency
  • Importance of unconditional positive regard for growth

Trait Theories of Personality (Allport, Cattell)

  • Focus on identifying and measuring personality traits to understand behavioral patterns
  • Allport identified cardinal traits, central traits, and secondary traits
  • Cattell used factor analysis, reducing numerous traits to a smaller number of source traits

The Big Five Theory of Personality (Costa & McCrae)

  • Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
  • Describes broad dimensions of personality
  • Considered a widely accepted and comprehensive framework for understanding personality differences.

Cultural Influences on Personality (Hofstede)

  • Identifies cultural dimensions of individualism vs. collectivism, power distance, masculinity vs. femininity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation vs. short-term orientation, and indulgence vs. restraint

Social-Cognitive Perspectives (Mischel)

  • Cognitive-affective perspective emphasizes the interaction between person and situation
  • Mischel's model includes concepts like expectancy, behavior potential, and reinforcement value
  • Personality is not simply a fixed set of traits; it changes depending on the situation.

Measuring Personality (Projective tests, personality inventories)

  • Projective tests (Rorschach inkblot & TAT) rely on ambiguous stimuli, and personality assessments are diverse tools with varying methods, such as interviews, direct observations, and rating scales.

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Description

Test your knowledge on Freud's stages of psychosexual development and the related theories by Neo-Freudians. This quiz covers key concepts such as the Oedipus complex, personality traits from different stages, and important terms like self-efficacy and unconditional positive regard. Dive into the complexities of human personality and development based on psychological theories.

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