Psychology Chapter 5: Psychosexual Development

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary conflict during the oral stage?

Repression of feelings

Weaning (correct)

Sexual attraction

Toilet training

During which psychosexual stage does the Oedipus complex occur?

Anal stage

Oral stage

Phallic stage (correct)

Latency stage

What personality trait is associated with an anal retentive personality?

Chaotic and disorganized

Outgoing and friendly

Messy and destructive

Neat and stingy (correct)

What develops during the anal stage of Freud’s psychosexual development?

Ego Signup and view all the answers

What term describes individuals who are fixated in the anal stage and display messy and hostile traits?

Anal expulsive Signup and view all the answers

What follows the phallic stage in Freud’s psychosexual development?

Latency stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the shared memories of all members of the human species, according to Jung?

Collective unconscious Signup and view all the answers

How did Neo-Freudians differ from Freud in their theories?

They developed alternative theories of psychoanalysis. Signup and view all the answers

What do behaviorists consider personality to be?

A set of learned responses or habits Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the interaction of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior according to Bandura?

Reciprocal determinism Signup and view all the answers

How do social cognitive theorists view the learning process?

As influenced by personal expectancies and behaviors of others Signup and view all the answers

What is self-efficacy?

A perception of effectiveness in specific circumstances Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the striving to fulfill one’s innate capacities and capabilities?

Self-actualizing tendency Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of unconditional positive regard in Rogers' theory?

Positive regard without conditions or limits Signup and view all the answers

What do trait theories of personality aim to describe?

The characteristics that compose human personality Signup and view all the answers

How is the 'real self' defined in personality theories?

One’s perception of actual traits and abilities Signup and view all the answers

What concept does Jung refer to when he mentions the shared mental patterns across humanity?

Collective unconscious Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of archetypes in Jung's theory?

They are universal themes echoed in literature and art. Signup and view all the answers

What does Jung's 'persona' represent in his theory of personality?

The outward face presented to others Signup and view all the answers

How does Jung define the 'anima/animus' in his personality theory?

The hidden masculine traits in women and feminine traits in men Signup and view all the answers

According to Jung, what is the ultimate aim of every individual?

Achieving selfhood and unity in experience Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is primarily associated with introverts according to Jung's typology?

They prefer a private space and solitude. Signup and view all the answers

What does Adler consider the central psychological element of neurosis?

Sense of inferiority and inadequacy Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the process of compensation goes awry, according to Adler?

It intensifies feelings of inferiority and control loss. Signup and view all the answers

What personality trait indicates a person’s tendency to be sociable, energetic, and assertive?

Extraversion Signup and view all the answers

Which cultural dimension describes the acceptance of unequal power distribution?

Power Distance Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with low agreeableness?

Competitive Signup and view all the answers

A culture that emphasizes group cohesion and collective interests is classified under which dimension?

Collectivism Signup and view all the answers

What does high neuroticism indicate about a person’s emotional state?

Anxious and moody Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic best describes a high score in uncertainty avoidance?

Need for clear rules and stability Signup and view all the answers

In Hofstede's dimensions, which trait is associated with cultures that value achievement and assertiveness?

Masculine Signup and view all the answers

Individuals who are organized, careful, and focused on goals are typically described as having what personality trait?

Conscientiousness Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant result of overcompensation in a child?

Development of an inferiority complex Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes a superiority complex?

It manifests as an exaggerated need to display superiority. Signup and view all the answers

What primary advantage do first-born children typically have?

They are recognized first by their parents. Signup and view all the answers

In Adler's view, what is a common challenge faced by second-born children?

Experiencing a constant struggle for superiority. Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential outcome for the youngest child in a family?

They may lack necessary self-confidence. Signup and view all the answers

How does Adler describe the behavior of children with a superiority complex?

They can be impertinent, arrogant, and pugnacious. Signup and view all the answers

What is implied by Adler regarding birth order and personality?

Birth order can predict certain personality tendencies. Signup and view all the answers

What do younger children in a family strive for, according to Adler?

Proving themselves and overcoming feelings of inferiority. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?

To diagnose mental disorders and assess personality structure. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following inventories focuses on measuring five broad dimensions of personality?

NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological assessment includes 16 different personality types based on dichotomies?

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Signup and view all the answers

What unique feature does the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) provide?

Scales measuring interpersonal behavior and social interactions. Signup and view all the answers

Which personality inventory is specifically designed to assess personality traits in non-clinical populations?

Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing characteristic of the NEO Personality Inventory?

It assesses five dimensions with detailed subscales. Signup and view all the answers

What type of assessment involves counting the frequency of particular behaviors?

Frequency Count Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features is characteristic of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)?

Measures 16 primary and five global personality factors. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Personality

Personality encompasses unique and relatively stable ways individuals think, feel, and behave
Character involves moral and ethical judgments of a person
Temperament refers to enduring characteristics present at birth

Four Perspectives in Studying Personality

Psychoanalytic: Founded by Sigmund Freud, focusing on unconscious processes, early childhood experiences, and the interplay of id, ego, and superego
Behavioristic/Social Cognitive: Emphasizes observable behaviors, learned responses, and environmental influences in shaping personality
Humanistic: Highlights subjective experiences, personal growth, and self-actualization
Trait: Focuses on identifying enduring personality traits (e.g., openness, conscientiousness)

Sigmund Freud

Founder of psychoanalytic movement
Lived during the Victorian era in Europe, which influenced his views on sexuality and gender roles in society.
Believed men could struggle to control their desires, especially during Victorian times.
Noticed women, especially upper-class women, were not expected to have sexual urges during this era.

Divisions of Consciousness

Conscious mind: Aware of immediate surroundings and perceptions
Preconscious mind: Information available but not currently conscious
Unconscious mind: Thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information inaccessible to conscious awareness; might surface in dreams or slips of the tongue

Freud's Theory: Parts of Personality

Id: Present at birth, driven by the pleasure principle (immediate gratification)
Ego: Develops from the need to deal with reality; operates on the reality principle (delay gratification)
Superego: Acts as a moral center; includes ego ideal (standards for moral behavior) and conscience (guilt)

Freud's Theory: Stages of Personality Development

Psychosexual stages are five stages linked with sexual development
Oral stage: First year; mouth is the focus; weaning is a major conflict
Anal stage: 1-3 years; bowel/bladder control; anal expulsive (messy) or anal retentive (neat) personalities
Phallic stage: 3-6 years; genitals; Oedipus/Electra complexes; development of superego
Latency stage: 6 years to puberty; sexual feelings are repressed; focus on social and intellectual development
Genital stage: Puberty onward; sexual feelings re-emerge; focus on mature relationships; a resolution of previous conflicts

Neo-Freudians

Followers of Freud who developed their own psychoanalytic theories
Included Jung, who emphasized collective unconscious and archetypes; and Adler, who focused on feelings of inferiority
Horney also developed a theory emphasizing social and cultural factors in personality development, highlighting basic anxiety and neurotic needs

Carl Jung's Theory of Personality

A universal theory of human types
Emphasized collective unconscious (shared human experiences and memories) and archetypes
Distinguished between personal unconscious (Freud's equivalent) and collective unconscious
Introduced introversion and extroversion as key personality dimensions

William Sheldon's Type Theory

Associated body types (endomorphic, mesomorphic, ectomorphic) with personality traits

Alfred Adler's Personality Theory

Emphasized feelings of inferiority and the compensatory drive towards superiority
Introduced the concepts of inferiority complex and superiority complex

Behaviorism and Personality

Behaviors are learned responses (habits)
Social-cognitive view emphasizes cognitive processes like anticipation, memory, and imitation

Humanistic Theories of Personality (Rogers)

Focus on individual potential and self-actualization
Emphases self-concept and self-actualization tendency
Importance of unconditional positive regard for growth

Trait Theories of Personality (Allport, Cattell)

Focus on identifying and measuring personality traits to understand behavioral patterns
Allport identified cardinal traits, central traits, and secondary traits
Cattell used factor analysis, reducing numerous traits to a smaller number of source traits

The Big Five Theory of Personality (Costa & McCrae)

Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
Describes broad dimensions of personality
Considered a widely accepted and comprehensive framework for understanding personality differences.

Cultural Influences on Personality (Hofstede)

Identifies cultural dimensions of individualism vs. collectivism, power distance, masculinity vs. femininity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation vs. short-term orientation, and indulgence vs. restraint

Cognitive-affective perspective emphasizes the interaction between person and situation
Mischel's model includes concepts like expectancy, behavior potential, and reinforcement value
Personality is not simply a fixed set of traits; it changes depending on the situation.

Measuring Personality (Projective tests, personality inventories)

Projective tests (Rorschach inkblot & TAT) rely on ambiguous stimuli, and personality assessments are diverse tools with varying methods, such as interviews, direct observations, and rating scales.

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Description

Test your knowledge on Freud's stages of psychosexual development and the related theories by Neo-Freudians. This quiz covers key concepts such as the Oedipus complex, personality traits from different stages, and important terms like self-efficacy and unconditional positive regard. Dive into the complexities of human personality and development based on psychological theories.