Psychology Chapter 5: Personality Judgment

Questions and Answers

What are Personality Judgments?

Assessing people's physical appearance

Assessing people's personalities and evaluating for accuracy (correct)

Judgments made only by professionals

Making decisions about people based on hearsay

What is the definition of Reputation?

Based on people's perceptions of you, and those perceptions will influence their expectations of you.

What can shy people deny themselves?

The opportunity to develop normal social skills.

What are Self-Fulfilling Prophecies?

Expectancy effects that can affect both intellectual performance and social behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What do Expectancy Effects (Intellectual) refer to?

How we treat people based on what we are told about them may make them meet that expectation. Signup and view all the answers

What influences our behavior with other people according to Expectancy Effects (Social)?

How they expect us to act. Signup and view all the answers

What are stereotypes in the context of personality judgments?

Traits that help us make accurate inferences about individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two views on Evaluating Personality Judgments?

Constructivism and Critical Realism. Signup and view all the answers

What is Convergent Validation?

Assembling diverse pieces of information that converge on a common conclusion. Signup and view all the answers

What is Interjudge Agreement?

Degree to which two or more people making judgments about the same person provide the same description of that person's personality. Signup and view all the answers

What does Predictive Validity measure?

Degree to which one measure can be used to predict another. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Constructivist View?

The philosophical view that reality does not exist as a concrete entity, only ideas of reality exist. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Critical Realist View?

The philosophical view that empirical evidence can determine which interpretations of reality are more likely to be valid. Signup and view all the answers

What influences First Impressions?

Genetic components like the face and visible signs of personality. Signup and view all the answers

What are Configural Properties?

Arrangement of features on the face and visible signs of personality. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Moderator Variable?

A variable that affects the relationship between two other variables. Signup and view all the answers

What does Boundary Condition refer to?

The contexts in which acquaintances can be as accurate as well-known individuals in judgment. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a Good Judge in personality judgment?

May depend on context or trait, be high in communion. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a Good Target?

Stable, psychologically well adjusted, consistent behavior, extroverted, and agreeable. Signup and view all the answers

What are Good Traits in personality judgment?

Usually easy to observe. Signup and view all the answers

How does Quality of Information affect personality judgments?

Can depend on weak vs strong situations. Signup and view all the answers

What does Sociosexuality signify?

Willingness to engage in a sexual relationship with minimal acquaintance. Signup and view all the answers

How does accuracy change over time in personality judgments?

It is found to increase over time. Signup and view all the answers

Does consensus increase over time in judgments?

No, it did not increase over time. Signup and view all the answers

What is Transparency of Personality?

Psychologically healthy people conceal as little as possible from others. Signup and view all the answers

Is there a difference in accuracy between men and women in personality judgments?

Neither is shown to be more accurate than the other. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Acquaintanceship Effect?

Personality judgments by close acquaintances agree much better with participants' self-judgments than judgments by strangers. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM) propose?

Accuracy can be improved in four ways: relevant situation, available information, detection of information, and correct utilization of info. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Personality Judgments

Personality judgments are constant assessments made by individuals, which should be judged based on their accuracy.

Reputation

A person's reputation is shaped by others’ perceptions, influencing their expectations and interactions with that individual.

Shyness

Shy individuals often miss opportunities to develop social skills, leading to uncertainty in social situations.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

Expectancy effects can influence both intellectual outcomes and social interactions, leading to self-fulfilling prophecies.

Expectancy Effects (Intellectual)

Treatment of individuals based on prior information can lead them to meet those expectations, as demonstrated in studies like the IQ "bloomers" experiment.

People’s behavior is affected by expectations from others, which can stem from superficial traits like appearance.

Source of Real-Life Expectancies

Stereotypes can guide expectations about individuals, helping to inform personality assessments.

Evaluating Personality Judgments

Two primary perspectives exist: constructivism and critical realism, each offering different approaches to understanding personality judgments.

Convergent Validation

This concept involves gathering diverse information that aligns to form a consistent conclusion about a person's personality.

Interjudge Agreement

This refers to the level of similarity in personality descriptions given by multiple observers about the same individual.

Predictive Validity

This measures how effectively one type of assessment can predict outcomes related to another measure.

Constructivist View

This philosophical perspective maintains that reality is constructed through ideas rather than existing as a concrete entity.

Critical Realist View

It asserts that while there may not be perfect criteria for truth, objective empirical evidence can help evaluate which interpretations of reality are more valid.

First Impressions

Initial judgments can be influenced by genetic factors, such as facial features and other visible personality traits.

Configural Properties

These are the arrangements of facial features and behavioral cues that signify personality traits like extroversion or conscientiousness.

Moderator Variables

These are factors that influence the relationship between two variables in personality judgments.

Boundary Condition

Acquaintances can sometimes make equally accurate judgments as close friends, depending on context and the specific situation observed.

Good Judge

A good judge in personality assessment is deemed a moderator variable, potentially influenced by specific traits or social contexts, often showing high levels of communion.

Good Target

Certain individuals, characterized by stability and psychological well-being, offer clearer indicators of their personalities, making them easier to judge.

Good Traits

Traits that are easily observable usually serve as better indicators in personality judgments.

Quality of Information

The effectiveness of personality judgments can vary based on the situation; stronger contexts yield better assessments of traits.

Sociosexuality

This term describes the openness to engage in sexual relationships with minimal prior acquaintance.

Accuracy

The accuracy of personality judgments tends to improve over time as more information is gathered.

Consensus

Unlike accuracy, consensus among judges does not consistently increase over time.

Transparency of Personality

Individuals who are psychologically healthy tend to reveal more about themselves, making them easier targets for accurate personality judgments.

Accuracy of Difference Between Men and Women

No significant differences have been found indicating that one gender is more accurate in personality judgments than the other.

Acquaintanceship Effect

Close acquaintances often provide personality judgments that align more closely with self-assessments than those made by strangers.

Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM)

Accuracy in personality judgments can be enhanced through four components: suitable context, accessible information, effective detection, and proper utilization of the information collected.

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Test your understanding of key concepts from Chapter 5 of Psychology, focusing on personality judgments. Explore important terms such as reputation and shyness, and understand how they influence social interactions. Perfect for psychology students looking to reinforce their knowledge.