Psychology Chapter 5: Freudian Concepts

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Questions and Answers

What is sublimation in the context of psychological drives?

A technique for analyzing spoken language in therapy

A method of manifesting unconscious drives through verbal slips

A channeling of negative impulses into socially-acceptable behavior (correct)

An expression of subconscious desires through dreams

Which of the following techniques is primarily associated with uncovering hidden thoughts or feelings?

Free association (correct)

Systematic desensitization

Operant conditioning

Behavior modification

What does the behaviorist perspective primarily focus on?

Subjective human experiences and self-fulfillment

The unconscious mind and childhood experiences

The cognitive processing of perceptions

Observable behaviors and their consequences (correct)

Who is known for advocating the study of psychology through the analysis of reinforcement and punishment?

B.F. Skinner Signup and view all the answers

What concept does Abraham Maslow contribute to humanistic psychology?

Self-actualization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Cognitive Perspective?

An exploration of how the mind processes information Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'catharsis' refer to in therapy?

The release of repressed emotions leading to symptom relief Signup and view all the answers

What did Carl Rogers advocate regarding human development?

Optimal development leads to the 'good life' Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of chromosomes in a human somatic cell?

46 Signup and view all the answers

Which process results in gametes having half the number of chromosomes as somatic cells?

Meiosis Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly differentiates between dominant and recessive alleles?

Dominant alleles are always expressed, recessive alleles require two copies to be expressed. Signup and view all the answers

What is the genotype responsible for?

The genetic predisposition for an individual Signup and view all the answers

Which is a factor that can influence the phenotype of an individual?

Dietary intake Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of twin studies in behavior genetics?

To assess the genetic predisposition for behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding sex chromosomes in humans?

Males have one X and one Y chromosome. Signup and view all the answers

What are alleles?

Different versions of a gene. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neurotransmitters within the nervous system?

To transmit signals across synaptic clefts Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'ALL OR NONE' principle state about action potentials in neurons?

They are all the same size once the threshold is reached. Signup and view all the answers

What effect do excitatory neurotransmitters have on a neuron?

They increase the likelihood of the neuron firing an action potential. Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is specifically involved in voluntary movement and has implications in depression and dementia?

Acetylcholine Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is related to mood regulation and also affects appetite and sleep?

Serotonin Signup and view all the answers

What implication is associated with too little norepinephrine in the nervous system?

Depression Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective examines the influence of social and cultural forces on behavior?

Sociocultural Perspective Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of synapses in the nervous system?

To transmit signals using neurotransmitters Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the scientific method?

Reviewing the Literature Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with attention and learning and has potential links to schizophrenia when present in excess?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

What type of research involves an in-depth investigation of an individual or small group?

Case Study Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines a scientific hypothesis?

A statement that describes a predicted relationship between variables Signup and view all the answers

In an experiment, what is the role of the independent variable?

It is manipulated to observe its effect on behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which method of research involves the collection of data through questionnaires or interviews?

Survey Research Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of naturalistic observation in psychological research?

To observe behavior without intervention Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'theory building' in the context of scientific research?

Constructing a comprehensive explanation based on tested hypotheses Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hypothalamus?

Controlling autonomic functions through hormone release Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for visual and auditory reflexes?

Midbrain Signup and view all the answers

What role does the epithalamus play in the brain?

It helps regulate sleep and wake cycles Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the meninges directly clings to the brain and spinal cord?

Pia mater Signup and view all the answers

What function does cerebrospinal fluid serve?

Protects the brain against crushing under its weight Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a characteristic of the Somatic Nervous System?

Includes involuntary reflexes Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain bridges the cerebellum with higher brain centers and the spinal cord?

Pons Signup and view all the answers

What initiates an electrical signal in sensory neurons?

Physical pressure Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Psychoanalysis

Divided into three components: Id (instincts), Ego (reality), and Superego (morality).
Mental states categorized as conscious (awareness), subconscious (accessible thoughts), and unconscious (repressed memories).
Indirect manifestations of drives include:
- Sublimation: Channeling negative impulses into socially acceptable behaviors.
- Dreams: Representing unconscious desires and thoughts.
- Slips of the tongue (Parapraxes): Unintentional errors revealing underlying thoughts.

Techniques in Psychoanalysis

Hypnosis: Induces a trance-like state to explore the unconscious.
Free Association: Clients share thoughts without censorship to uncover unconscious processes.
Dream Analysis: Interpreting dreams to understand unconscious desires and thoughts.
Catharsis: Emotional release leading to physical symptom improvement.

Behaviorism

Founded by John Broadus Watson, emphasizing observable behaviors over mental states.
Central to behaviorism are concepts of punishment and reinforcement.
B.F. Skinner expanded behaviorism by studying effects of reinforcement and punishment, introducing the Law of Effect, which states behaviors leading to satisfying outcomes are more likely to recur.

Humanism

Key figures: Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
Focuses on subjective experiences, self-realization, and the potential for personal growth.
Promotes the concept of free will, positing that individuals can make their own choices.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Humans have an innate tendency toward self-actualization.
Rogers advocates for optimal development, aspiring for "the good life" to fulfill potential.

Contemporary Perspectives

Psychoanalytic Perspective: Centers on the unconscious mind and childhood experiences.
Cognitive Perspective: Studies mental processes, asserting that behaviors are influenced by cognitive functions.
Evolutionary Perspective: David Buss highlights that evolution impacts decision-making and behaviors, tying them to survival and reproduction.
Sociocultural Perspective: Investigates how social and cultural factors shape behavior, emphasizing the role of culture in shared ideas and lifestyle.

Psychological Research

Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes using standardized procedures.
Scientific Method: Involves reviewing existing literature, formulating hypotheses, designing studies, analyzing data, and publishing findings.
Research can be categorized into:
- Archival Research: Analyzes existing data.
- Naturalistic Observation: Observes behavior without intervention.
- Surveys: Collects self-reported data.
- Case Studies: In-depth analysis of individuals or small groups.
- Correlational Research: Examines relationships between variables.
- Experimental Research: Investigates cause-and-effect through manipulation of variables.

Genetics and Behavior

Humans possess 46 chromosomes in total, 23 inherited from each parent, with genes acting as hereditary units.
Mitosis: Process of cell division producing identical cells.
Meiosis: Produces gametes with half the chromosome number (23).
Genes can have different versions called alleles; dominant alleles manifest with one copy, while recessive require two.
Nature vs. Nurture debate centers on genetic inheritance versus environmental influence on behavior and traits.

Neurobiology

Neurons are responsible for signal transmission in the nervous system.
Resting Potential: State of readiness in a neuron; when activated, it generates an action potential.
Synapses: Junctions between neurons where neurotransmitters transmit signals.

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals that influence neural activity, classified as excitatory or inhibitory.
Significant neurotransmitters and their roles:
- Acetylcholine: Involved in motor functions and memory; imbalances linked to depression and dementia.
- Dopamine: Affects movement and learning; imbalances linked to schizophrenia and depression.
- Serotonin: Regulates mood and sleep; imbalances can cause mood disorders.

Brain Structure

Diencephalon: Relays sensory information and regulates autonomic functions (hypothalamus, thalamus).
Brain Stem: Connects higher brain centers to the spinal cord; important for vital functions.
Protective Layers: The brain and spinal cord are safeguarded by meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater) and cerebrospinal fluid.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Comprises sensory receptors, sensory neurons, and motor neurons, dividing into:
- Somatic Nervous System: Controls voluntary movements and sensory information processing.

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Description

Test your understanding of Freud's concepts of the mind, including the ID, Ego, and Super Ego. Explore indirect manifestations of drives like dreams and slips of the tongue, along with techniques such as hypnosis and free association. This quiz will enhance your knowledge of psychoanalytic theory and its application.