Psychology Chapter 5 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

__________ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

Muscle memory

Learning (correct)

Memory enhancement

Adaptation

The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was:

Pavlov (correct)

Tolman

Skinner

Kohler

Which of the following correctly describes the process of classical conditioning?

Presenting a pleasurable stimulus after the occurrence of a specific response.

Presenting an unpleasant stimulus after the occurrence of a specific response.

Pairing a stimulus that naturally causes a certain response with a second stimulus that naturally causes the same response.

Pairing a stimulus that naturally causes a certain response with a second stimulus that does not naturally cause that response. (correct)

When Pavlov placed meat powder or other food in the mouths of canine subjects, they began to salivate.The salivation was a(n):

Unconditioned response Signup and view all the answers

By pairing the rolled paper with the swat, Judy's puppy had developed a(n) ____________ response to the rolled-up paper.

conditioned Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order to present the stimuli for classical conditioning?

Neutral stimulus - unconditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the conditioned stimulus is continuously presented without the unconditioned stimulus?

Extinction Signup and view all the answers

John Watson offered a live white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise. The white rat served as the ______________ in this study.

Conditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Pavlov discovered classical conditioning through his study of:

Digestive secretions in dogs Signup and view all the answers

Television advertisers take advantage of the fact that most people experience positive emotions when they see an attractive, smiling person. This association is an example of:

A conditioned emotional response Signup and view all the answers

The current view of why classical conditioning works the way it does, by cognitive theorists such as Rescorla, adds the concept of _____________ to the conditioning process.

expectancy Signup and view all the answers

"If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated." This is a statement of:

Thorndike's law of effect Signup and view all the answers

Kenra has a new pet cat and decides to modify her cat's behavior by administering pleasant and unpleasant consequences after her cat's behaviors. Kenra is using the principles of:

Operant conditioning Signup and view all the answers

A box used in operant conditioning of animals, which limits the available responses and thus increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur, is called a:

Skinner box Signup and view all the answers

A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is ___ and thus the probability of a response.

removed; increases Signup and view all the answers

The partial reinforcement effect refers to a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses will be:

More resistant to extinction than a response receiving continuous reinforcement. Signup and view all the answers

Which example best describes the fixed interval schedule of reinforcement?

Receiving a paycheck after two weeks of work Signup and view all the answers

Which schedule of reinforcement should you select if you would like to produce the highest number of responses with the least number of pauses between the responses?

Variable ratio Signup and view all the answers

When a stimulus is removed from a person or animal and decreases the probability of response, it is known as:

Punishment by removal Signup and view all the answers

Your child has begun drawing on the walls of your house, and you would like this activity to stop. Which of the following actions would, at least temporarily, decrease the occurrence of the behavior in your child?

Punish your child after she draws on the wall Signup and view all the answers

An example of a discriminative stimulus might be:

A stop sign Signup and view all the answers

In their 1961 paper on instinctive drift, the Brelands determined that three assumptions most Skinnerian behaviorists believed in were not actually true. Which is one of the assumptions that were NOT true?

All of these were not true Signup and view all the answers

Applied behavior analysis or ABA has been used with autistic children. The basic principle of this form of behavior modification is:

Shaping Signup and view all the answers

___________ is a type of operant conditioning that is used by humans to bring involuntary responses, such as heart rate and blood pressure, under their voluntary control.

Biofeedback Signup and view all the answers

Cognition refers to:

The mental events that take place while a person is behaving Signup and view all the answers

The idea that learning occurs, and is stored up, even when behaviors are not reinforced is called:

Latent learning Signup and view all the answers

A researcher places dogs in a cage with metal bars on the floor. The dogs are randomly given electric shocks and cannot prevent them. Later, the same dogs are placed in a cage where they can escape the shocks by jumping over a low hurdle. When the shocks are given, the dogs do not even try to escape. This is an example of:

Learned helplessness Signup and view all the answers

The 'aha!' experience is known as:

Insight learning Signup and view all the answers

If you learn how to fix your car by watching someone on TV demonstrate the technique, you are acquiring that knowledge through:

Observational learning Signup and view all the answers

In Bandura's study with the Bobo doll, the children in the group that saw the model punished did not imitate the model at first. They would only imitate the model if given a reward for doing so. The fact that these children had obviously learned the behavior without actually performing it is an example of:

Latent learning Signup and view all the answers

In Bandura's study of observational learning, the abbreviation AMIM stands for:

Attention, memory, imitation, motivation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following real-world situations is using the principles of classical conditioning?

A hungry child smiling at the sight of the spoon her dad always uses to feed her lunch Signup and view all the answers

What is the modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response?

applied behavior analysis (ABA) Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior?

behavior modification Signup and view all the answers

What is using biofeedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses under voluntary control?

biofeedback Signup and view all the answers

What is biological preparedness?

The tendency of animals to learn certain associations with few pairings Signup and view all the answers

What is classical conditioning?

Learning to respond involuntarily to a stimulus other than the natural one Signup and view all the answers

What does cognitive perspective explain in classical conditioning?

It involves expectancy about the unconditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditioned emotional response (CER)?

An emotional reaction to learned stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditioned response (CR)?

A learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

A stimulus that can produce a learned reflex response Signup and view all the answers

What are conditioned taste aversions?

Development of aversion to a taste followed by nausea Signup and view all the answers

What is continuous reinforcement?

Reinforcement of every correct response Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a discriminative stimulus?

A stop sign providing cues for stopping Signup and view all the answers

What does extinction mean in learning?

The disappearance of a learned response Signup and view all the answers

What is a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement?

The reinforcement happens after a set amount of time Signup and view all the answers

What is a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement?

Reinforcement after a set number of responses Signup and view all the answers

What is higher-order conditioning?

Conditioning using one conditioned stimulus with another neutral stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is insight in learning?

Sudden perception of relationships aiding problem solving Signup and view all the answers

What is instinctive drift?

Behavior reverting to genetically controlled patterns Signup and view all the answers

What does latent learning refer to?

Learning that is hidden until needed Signup and view all the answers

What is the law of effect?

Actions followed by pleasure are likely to be repeated Signup and view all the answers

What does learned helplessness refer to?

The tendency to fail to act due to past failures Signup and view all the answers

What is the learning/performance distinction?

Learning can occur without the performance of the learned behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is negative reinforcement?

Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is neurofeedback?

Using brain-scanning for behavior modification Signup and view all the answers

What is a neutral stimulus (NS)?

A stimulus that has no effect on the desired response Signup and view all the answers

What is observational learning?

Learning new behavior by watching a model Signup and view all the answers

What is an operant?

Any voluntary behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is operant conditioning?

Learning of voluntary behavior through consequences Signup and view all the answers

What is partial reinforcement?

Reinforcement after some, but not all, correct responses Signup and view all the answers

What is positive reinforcement?

Addition of a pleasurable stimulus to increase behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reinforcer?

A reinforcer naturally reinforcing by meeting biological needs Signup and view all the answers

What is punishment?

Any event or object following a response that decreases that response Signup and view all the answers

What is punishment by application?

Addition of an unpleasant stimulus following a response Signup and view all the answers

What is punishment by removal?

Removing a pleasurable stimulus to decrease behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is a reflex?

An involuntary response not under control Signup and view all the answers

What is reinforcement?

An event that increases the likelihood of a response Signup and view all the answers

What are reinforcers?

Events that increase the likelihood of a response when they follow it Signup and view all the answers

What is a secondary reinforcer?

A reinforcer that gains its value through association with a primary reinforcer Signup and view all the answers

What is shaping?

Reinforcement of simple steps leading to complex behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is spontaneous recovery?

The reappearance of a learned behavior after extinction Signup and view all the answers

What is stimulus discrimination?

Ceasing to respond to a stimuli not reinforced Signup and view all the answers

What is stimulus generalization?

Tendency to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is stimulus substitution?

A theory by Pavlov on classical conditioning being the replacement of an unconditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What are successive approximations?

Small, successive steps leading to a goal behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is a token economy?

Behavior modification based on immediate rewards in tokens Signup and view all the answers

What is an unconditioned response (UCR)?

An involuntary reflex response to an unconditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

A stimulus that naturally leads to an involuntary response Signup and view all the answers

What is a variable interval schedule of reinforcement?

A schedule where time intervals differ from trial to trial Signup and view all the answers

What is a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement?

A schedule where reinforcement follows a random number of responses Signup and view all the answers

What is vicarious conditioning?

Classical conditioning of a reflex or emotion through observing another's reaction Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Learning and Conditioning

Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience or practice.
Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov, who initially studied digestive secretions in dogs, leading to his formulation of this theory.
Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response after repeated pairings.
An unconditioned response occurs naturally without any prior learning, such as a dog's salivation upon receiving food.

Types of Responses and Stimuli

A conditioned response is a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus after conditioning occurs.
In operant conditioning, positive and negative reinforcements influence behavior; negative reinforcement increases behavior by removing an aversive stimulus.
A discriminative stimulus signals the availability of reinforcement for a specific behavior, such as a stop sign indicating when to stop.
Conditioned taste aversions can develop after just one pairing of a taste with a negative reaction (nausea).

Reinforcement Schedules

Different schedules of reinforcement influence the rate and persistence of behavior:
- Fixed interval schedules reinforce behavior after a set amount of time, e.g., receiving a paycheck every two weeks.
- Variable ratio schedules yield the highest response rates because reinforcement is unpredictable, encouraging consistent responding.

Behavior Modification and Analysis

Behavior modification utilizes operant conditioning techniques to promote desired changes in behavior.
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) focuses on shaping behaviors through reinforcement, commonly used with autistic children.

Cognitive Influences

Cognitive perspectives emphasize the role of expectancies in learning; for conditioning to be effective, the conditioned stimulus must provide reliable information about the unconditioned stimulus.
Latent learning suggests that knowledge can be acquired without immediate reinforcement, as demonstrated in Bandura's Bobo doll experiment, where observational learning occurred without rewards.

Key Concepts and Definitions

Biofeedback allows individuals to gain control over involuntary physiological responses, using visual or auditory cues as reinforcers.
Insight learning is recognized by sudden realizations, or “aha!” moments, as individuals solve problems creatively.
Learned helplessness occurs when individuals or animals learn to avoid escape attempts after experiencing stress with no control over outcomes, often linked to depression.
Continuous reinforcement involves rewarding every correct response, while partial reinforcement fosters greater resistance to extinction.

Emotional and Conditional Responses

Conditional emotional responses (CER) are emotions learned through classical conditioning, such as fear of certain stimuli or positive feelings toward attractive individuals.
Expectancy and cognitive processes are integral to understanding how and why classical conditioning works, as they shape the individual's response to different stimuli over time.### Classical Conditioning Terms
Extinction: Weakening or disappearance of a learned response when the unconditioned stimulus or reinforcer is removed.
Higher-order Conditioning: Occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus.
Neutral Stimulus (NS): A stimulus that does not produce a desired response initially.

Operant Conditioning Concepts

Fixed Interval Schedule of Reinforcement: Reinforcement is provided after a consistent amount of time has passed.
Fixed Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement: A specific number of responses is required before reinforcement is delivered.
Variable Interval Schedule of Reinforcement: The time interval before reinforcement changes for each trial or event.
Variable Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement: The number of responses required for reinforcement varies with each trial or event.
Partial Reinforcement: Responses reinforced after some correct actions show high resistance to extinction.
Positive Reinforcement: Strengthens a response through the addition of a pleasurable stimulus.
Negative Reinforcement: Strengthens a response by removing or avoiding an unpleasant stimulus.
Punishment by Application: Involves adding an unpleasant stimulus following a response to decrease that response.
Punishment by Removal: Occurs when a pleasurable stimulus is removed to diminish a response.

Learning and Behavior

Insight: The sudden realization of relationships among problem components leading to a quick solution.
Latent Learning: Learning that is not immediately apparent until its application is beneficial.
Learned Helplessness: A behavior pattern where individuals stop taking action due to past failures.
Observational Learning: Acquiring new behaviors by observing and imitating a model.

Behavior Modification Techniques

Token Economy: A system where desired behaviors are rewarded with tokens that can be exchanged for reinforcers.
Shaping: Reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior to encourage more complex actions.
Vicarious Conditioning: Classical conditioning that occurs through observing the responses of others.

Psychological Principles

Law of Effect: Actions followed by pleasurable outcomes are likely to be repeated; those followed by unpleasant outcomes are not.
Stimulus Generalization: Responding similarly to stimuli that share characteristics with the original conditioned stimulus.
Stimulus Discrimination: Differentiating between similar stimuli when only one is associated with the unconditioned stimulus.

Other Key Terms

Instinctive Drift: The tendency for animals to revert to genetically pre-determined behaviors.
Reflex: An automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus.
Reinforcement: Any event or stimulus that increases the likelihood of a response being repeated.
Reinforcers: Objects or events that enhance the occurrence of a response.
Primary Reinforcer: Naturally reinforcing stimuli that satisfy basic biological needs.
Secondary Reinforcer: Stimuli that become reinforcing through association with primary reinforcers.
Spontaneous Recovery: The return of a previously extinguished learned response.

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Test your knowledge of key concepts from Chapter 5 of Psychology. This flashcard quiz covers important terms and definitions, including the principles of learning and classical conditioning. Perfect for students preparing for exams or wishing to reinforce their understanding.