Psychology Chapter 4 Quiz

<p>They maintain tightly enmeshed family relationships. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>East Asians see losing as an opportunity for learning rather than just a failure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assertiveness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Firstborns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases slightly then decreases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Engaging in stable relationships and steady work (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lastborns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Narcissism declines with age (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They become more agreeable and less neurotic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High neuroticism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low neuroticism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tend to have more shallow relationships (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Narcissism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Engaging in mate-poaching (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuroticism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotes self-expansion in relationships (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enduring internal structures for organizing information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low conscientiousness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lead to greater attachment security (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individualistic cultures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norway (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greece (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Being from southern latitudes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Japan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eastern Europe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>John Bowlby (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoidant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They smile and look happy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Separated from partners (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoidant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extraversion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethiopia and Tanzania (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Roles and duties are valued over personality traits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variables such as age, gender, and culture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Automatic thoughts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to overgeneralization from negative outcomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Information processing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contextualized assessment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arbitrary inference (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dual-process theories (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive factors do not reveal anything about personality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Representations are patterns of activation that change. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slow and logical (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The role of conditional quality in behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Level 3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unconscious drives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strategic and unemotional (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Explicit knowledge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Questioning one's ability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Firstborns tend to be more conscientious and neurotic; middleborns less conscientious; laterborns more open to experience; only children have better relationships with parents.

Neuroticism decreases, conscientiousness increases in young adulthood, and assertiveness increases in old age. Slight changes in agreeableness occur in old age, too, but changes aren't radical.

If you're high in neuroticism when young, you're likely to be high in neuroticism in older age, too.

Self-esteem increases slightly between young adulthood and middle age, and then declines.

Studies suggest that narcissism tends to decline with age.

Personality matures as young people take on social roles and responsibilities, leading to increased conscientiousness, agreeableness, and decreased neuroticism.

Personalities often mature as people take on adult roles and responsibilities; this leads to increased conscientiousness and agreeableness with less neuroticism.

A Facebook study of language use across 70,000+ people showed that social roles contribute to personality maturation.

Cultures that emphasize individual goals and accomplishments over group harmony.

Cultures that prioritize group needs and social harmony over individual desires.

Explaining behavior based on internal factors (personality, ability).

Explaining behavior based on external factors (situation, circumstance).

The tendency to think or portray oneself favorably.

Social interaction is both beneficial and potentially harmful. It can be a source of support and pleasure, but also stress and conflict.

Our nervous system is wired to seek social connection as a way to solve life's challenges and cope with stress.

People with anxious attachment tend to be high in neuroticism (emotional instability) and low in conscientiousness (lack of diligence and organization).

People with avoidant attachment tend to be low in extraversion (introverted), agreeableness (lack of empathy), and conscientiousness (lack of diligence).

Extraverted people excel at forming relationships, experience greater satisfaction, maintain a large network, but relationships might lack depth.

Agreeable people tend to have positive and fulfilling relationships, marked by mutual understanding and cooperation.

Neuroticism can lead to troubled and unstable relationships, causing problems for both partners.

Conscientious people tend to experience less conflict and are less likely to engage in violence in relationships.

Openness encourages self-expansion and actively seeking new relationship experiences.

These three forces are crucial for building and maintaining positive relationships, fostering understanding and healthy boundaries.

A theory in cognitive science that compares mental processes to the functioning of neural networks, where knowledge is represented as patterns of activation in interconnected units.

They are not centrally stored but are dynamic patterns of activation across interconnected units in a network, constantly adjusting until they settle into a stable state.

These theories suggest that our thinking is driven by two systems: a rational, slow, and conscious system, and an intuitive, fast, and mostly nonconscious system.

The 'hot' system is impulsive, emotional, and reflexive, relying on connections and pattern recognition. It's quick and intuitive.

A model that focuses on the interplay between cognition and emotion in guiding behaviour, emphasizing the role of context in determining how people act.

It suggests that people's behavior is not simply driven by traits but by specific situations. Their actions are a function of their cognitive and affective responses to each context.

These are individual components of the Cognitive-Affective Processing System, representing elements like beliefs, expectations, emotions, goals, and self-regulatory plans.

These levels provide a framework for understanding how the Cognitive-Affective Processing System operates, ranging from individual cognitive units to social contexts and biological predispositions.

This perspective emphasizes how individuals process information and how their thinking patterns influence their personality traits and behaviors.

These are thoughts that occur quickly and often unconsciously, based on ingrained beliefs and patterns, often leading to negative emotions.

This model describes how negative thoughts about oneself, the world, and the future reinforce each other and contribute to depression.

These are mental frameworks that shape our understanding of the world and influence how we perceive, interpret, and react to situations.

These are negative schemas about oneself, leading to distorted perceptions and negative thoughts, typically found in people experiencing depression.

It involves investigating the content and organization of an individual's thoughts to understand their personality and potential problems in information processing.

These are problems in how individuals process, interpret, and use information, leading to difficulties in various aspects of behavior, such as anxiety or depression.

These models explain how both automatic and controlled (conscious) cognitive processes influence personality, highlighting different levels of thinking.

People from individualistic cultures emphasize personality traits to describe and understand individuals. They see personality as an important factor in shaping behavior.

People from collectivistic cultures prioritize roles and duties over personality traits to understand individuals. Behavior is seen as more influenced by social context and expectations.

Extraversion is linked to cultural individualism. Countries with higher individualism tend to have higher levels of extraversion (e.g., Norway, USA). Collectivistic countries tend to have lower extraversion (e.g., Taiwan, Zimbabwe).

Collectivistic countries tend to show higher agreeableness as they prioritize empathy and harmony within the group. They might self-report higher agreeableness.

Studies suggest a correlation between geographic latitude and conscientiousness. People from more southern latitudes tend to score higher on conscientiousness than those from more northern latitudes.

Neuroticism levels vary across cultures. Japan, Russia, and some European countries tend to have higher neuroticism, while countries like Sweden and Denmark have lower neuroticism.

Openness to experience appears to be declining in more recent generations. There's a shift toward more extrinsic values, potentially impacting openness to new experiences.

Attachment theory emphasizes the crucial role of early childhood relationships with primary caregivers in shaping an individual's personality, social interactions, and later relationships.

Children's early attachment experiences become an internalized part of their personality. This shapes how they perceive and approach relationships throughout life.

Children with emotionally warm and supportive caregivers tend to develop secure attachment styles. They view relationships as reliable and trustworthy.

Children with cold, unresponsive, or inconsistent caregivers are more likely to develop insecure attachment styles. They may view relationships with distrust or anxiety.

Attachment styles influence how individuals relate to others. They are developed in childhood based on interactions with caregivers and can impact adult relationships.

This test is used to assess attachment styles in young children. It involves observing a child's reactions to separation and reunion with a parent.

Early attachment experiences with caregivers are linked to attachment styles in adult relationships. These styles can impact relationship quality, communication patterns, and emotional well-being.

This model describes attachment styles based on two dimensions: anxiety and avoidance. It helps understand the different combinations of these dimensions and their associated behaviors.

Humans are inherently social creatures. Relationships are essential for our physical, emotional, and social well-being. Healthy relationships contribute to a sense of belonging, support, and purpose.