Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does bottom-up processing involve?
What does bottom-up processing involve?
What is the primary concern of the study of perception?
What is the primary concern of the study of perception?
Interpret sensory stimuli.
What illustrates top-down processing?
What illustrates top-down processing?
Sensation is to ________ as perception is to ________.
Sensation is to ________ as perception is to ________.
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Wavelength is to ________ as ________ is to brightness.
Wavelength is to ________ as ________ is to brightness.
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What do feature detectors identified by Hubel and Weisel consist of?
What do feature detectors identified by Hubel and Weisel consist of?
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What processes complex patterns in the brain?
What processes complex patterns in the brain?
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What illustrates parallel processing?
What illustrates parallel processing?
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Where are neural impulses from the retina first relayed?
Where are neural impulses from the retina first relayed?
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Where have opponent-process cells been located?
Where have opponent-process cells been located?
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What do most color-deficient people lack?
What do most color-deficient people lack?
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What is the effect of exposure to green light on the opponent-process cells?
What is the effect of exposure to green light on the opponent-process cells?
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What does the Young-Helmholtz theory propose?
What does the Young-Helmholtz theory propose?
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What does sensory adaptation refer to?
What does sensory adaptation refer to?
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What does Weber's law illustrate?
What does Weber's law illustrate?
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What does sensory adaptation illustrate?
What does sensory adaptation illustrate?
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Which receptor of the eye functions best in dim light?
Which receptor of the eye functions best in dim light?
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Where is visual information processed after rods and cones?
Where is visual information processed after rods and cones?
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Which skin sense has definable receptors?
Which skin sense has definable receptors?
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What are the four basic sensations of touch?
What are the four basic sensations of touch?
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What is the detection and encoding of stimulus energies by the nervous system called?
What is the detection and encoding of stimulus energies by the nervous system called?
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According to the opponent-process theory, what happens when both red-sensitive and green-sensitive cones are stimulated?
According to the opponent-process theory, what happens when both red-sensitive and green-sensitive cones are stimulated?
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What cue involves our perception of objects higher in our field of vision as farther away?
What cue involves our perception of objects higher in our field of vision as farther away?
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What is the monocular depth cue in which an object blocking another object is perceived as closer?
What is the monocular depth cue in which an object blocking another object is perceived as closer?
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What illustrates the importance of top-down processing in pain perception?
What illustrates the importance of top-down processing in pain perception?
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What study illustrated the existence of perceptual sets?
What study illustrated the existence of perceptual sets?
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Which characteristic of stimuli influences their interpretation?
Which characteristic of stimuli influences their interpretation?
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According to the gate-control theory, what reduces physical aches and pains?
According to the gate-control theory, what reduces physical aches and pains?
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How do you perceive a wall that is partially blocked by a pole?
How do you perceive a wall that is partially blocked by a pole?
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What happens to perception when both the right and left eyes are used?
What happens to perception when both the right and left eyes are used?
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What are auditory stimuli that explain the sensation and perception of sound?
What are auditory stimuli that explain the sensation and perception of sound?
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How is the size of an object perceived differently based on its distance?
How is the size of an object perceived differently based on its distance?
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How do adults who are born blind but later have their vision restored typically respond?
How do adults who are born blind but later have their vision restored typically respond?
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What does the semicircular canals relate to?
What does the semicircular canals relate to?
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Study Notes
Processing Types
- Bottom-up processing starts with sensory receptors and builds up to higher levels of processing.
- Top-down processing involves interpreting sensory information using past memories and experiences.
Sensation vs. Perception
- Sensation refers to the detection of stimuli, while perception is the interpretation of those stimuli.
- Examples illustrating the difference include sensations being raw data (like sound and light) and perceptions being the interpretation of those sensations (recognizing a familiar tune).
Color Perception
- Wavelength relates to hues, while intensity corresponds to brightness.
- The Young-Helmholtz theory suggests three types of color-sensitive cones in the retina.
- The opponent-process theory explains how opposing colors (like red and green) interact in the neural pathways.
Visual Processing
- Feature detectors, identified by Hubel and Wiesel, are nerve cells that respond to specific visual stimuli in the cortex.
- Parallel processing allows simultaneous analysis of different aspects of visual information, such as color, depth, and motion.
Neural Pathways
- Visual information from the retina first goes to the thalamus before being processed in the visual cortex.
- Blindsight demonstrates processing of visual information without conscious awareness, typically due to damage to the visual cortex.
Sensory Adaptation
- Sensory adaptation is diminishing sensitivity to constant stimulation.
- For example, hearing a loud noise becomes less noticeable after prolonged exposure.
Cue and Depth Perception
- Depth cues include interposition (objects in front are perceived as closer) and relative height (objects higher in the visual field are perceived as farther away).
- The visual cliff apparatus is used to study depth perception in infants.
Pain and Expectations
- Pain perception can be influenced by various factors, including physiology, experiences, and cultural background.
- According to gate-control theory, pain can be modulated by nerve signals in the spinal cord.
Perceptual Set and Bias
- Perceptual set refers to mental predispositions that can influence what we perceive.
- Context can greatly affect recognition and interpretation of stimuli, as in the case of not recognizing familiar faces outside of typical settings.
Electrical Signals and Light Processing
- Transduction is the conversion of sensory stimuli into neural signals, taking place in the retina.
- Neural impulses are processed by bipolar cells before reaching ganglion cells.
Unique Characteristics of Senses
- Each sense has specific receptor types; for example, cones in the eye are responsible for color differentiation while pressure is the only skin sense with defined receptors.
- Differences in sensory thresholds, such as in pain or tone sensitivity, showcase individual variability in perception capabilities.
Theories of Perception
- Kant believed in inborn organization of sensory experiences, whereas Locke favored the influence of cultural background on perception.
- Experience affects the interpretation of naive perceptions, as demonstrated in studies about color perception and emotional responses.
Overview of Additional Concepts
- Kinesthesis captures sensory experiences related to body movement.
- Tinnitus illustrates perception of sound without external stimulus, showcasing the brain's interpretation of sensory information.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge of key concepts in Chapter 4 of Psychology. This quiz highlights important terms such as bottom-up processing, top-down processing, and the study of perception. Use these flashcards to reinforce your understanding of sensory information and perception theories.
