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Questions and Answers
What is one of the main advantages of using surveys in research?
Which of the following is a disadvantage associated with surveys?
Why is anonymity considered an advantage of surveys?
Which step is crucial when constructing a survey?
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What factor can contribute to low response rates in surveys?
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How can researchers minimize social desirability bias in surveys?
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What is a known issue with poorly worded questions in surveys?
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How does the lack of control in surveys impact research?
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What is a significant disadvantage of conducting mail surveys?
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What makes surveys a cost-effective research method?
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What can social desirability bias lead to in survey results?
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Which of the following is a recommended consideration for conducting mail surveys?
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What response styles can affect the validity of survey responses?
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What is a characteristic of closed-ended questions?
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Why are open-ended questions useful in surveys?
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What is a consideration when designing closed-ended questions?
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What is a potential drawback of open-ended questions?
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What is the main issue with double-barreled questions?
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What is content analysis in the context of open-ended questions?
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What is a key limitation of using closed-ended questions?
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Why should response options in closed questions be exhaustive?
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What is the primary goal of using version B in survey questions?
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What does the term 'context effects' refer to in survey research?
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Why should self-administered questionnaires be kept simple and clear?
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What potential issue arises from conducting surveys in a group setting?
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Which of the following is an ethical consideration in survey research?
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How can anonymous data collection be beneficial in survey research?
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What is the consequence of a subject having a response style that leans towards saying 'yes' frequently?
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What is the potential effect of pre-testing survey questions?
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What is a significant disadvantage of mail surveys?
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Which method of survey is known for having a high response rate?
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Which is a common issue associated with computer and internet surveys?
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What is a primary advantage of using interviews for surveys?
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What does non-response bias affect in survey research?
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What are interviewers required to do effectively during telephone surveys?
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Which aspect is a disadvantage of mail surveys as compared to other survey methods?
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Why are structured interviews advantageous in survey research?
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Study Notes
Alternatives to Experimentation: Surveys & Interviews
- Surveys efficiently gather information on people's opinions, attitudes, preferences, and behaviors through direct questioning.
- Can collect substantial data quickly from large participant groups, enhancing research efficiency.
Advantages of Surveys
- Efficiency: Facilitate large-scale data collection within a short timeframe.
- Versatility: Applicable to diverse topics, including opinions, experiences, and behaviors.
- Anonymity: Encourages honest responses, especially on sensitive subjects.
- Cost-effective: Generally cheaper than experiments or in-depth interviews.
- Generalizability: Findings can infer trends in broader populations based on sampled responses.
Disadvantages of Surveys
- Self-report bias: Respondents may provide inaccurate answers due to social desirability or other biases.
- Limited depth: Surveys often lack in-depth insight into participant experiences and motivations.
- Low response rates: Factors like time constraints, lack of interest, and perceived burden can hinder response rates.
- Question bias: Poorly formulated questions risk obtaining misleading results.
- Lack of control: Surveys do not allow manipulation of variables for establishing cause-and-effect relationships.
Constructing a Good Survey
- Research Objectives: Clearly define specific aims and target audience before designing the survey.
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Question Types:
- Closed-ended questions: Limit responses to a pre-set number of options. Easier for analysis but harder to construct appropriately.
- Open-ended questions: Allow detailed responses; beneficial for exploring opinions but challenging for analysis.
- Avoid double-barreled questions: Questions should address a single idea to prevent confusion in responses.
- Levels of Measurement: Determine appropriate measurement levels for responses.
- Pre-testing: Test questions to identify potential interpretation issues arising from question order.
Ethical Considerations
- Ensure confidentiality and manage participants’ emotional responses when answering questions.
- Consideration of how survey methods can produce ethical dilemmas, similar to other psychological research practices.
Self-Administered Questionnaires
- Instructions should be clear and free of jargon.
- Encourage private completion to minimize observer influence and social desirability bias.
- Assess the pros and cons of group settings for survey administration, especially for sensitive topics.
Mail Surveys
- Include a polite cover letter and return envelope to enhance response rates.
- Expect lower participation levels compared to other methods, considering follow-up reminders as needed.
- Keep surveys concise to encourage completion.
Computer and Internet Surveys
- Offer high accessibility and reduced costs but may confront limitations like duplicate responses and technical issues.
- Anonymity can enhance honesty but complicates participant verification.
Telephone Surveys
- Generally achieve high response rates and allow for anonymity but may introduce ethical concerns and time constraints.
- Surveys should maintain a consistent interviewing style and simplify items for clarity.
Types of Interviews
- Structured interviews: Consistent questioning format ensures comparability and quantifiable data collection.
- Face-to-face interviews yield high-quality data through personal engagement and trust-building.
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Description
Dive into Chapter 4 of Psychology, focusing on alternatives to experimentation, specifically surveys and interviews. This chapter covers the methodologies used to gather opinions and behaviors efficiently. Understand the advantages and applications of these methods in psychological research.