Questions and Answers
The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________.
During the fight or flight response, which of the following endocrine glands is most likely to increase activity?
A ________ scan involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain.
Diabetes is a(n) ________ disorder because insulin is a ________.
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The ________ connects the brain and the spinal cord.
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The ________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills.
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Twin boys both have a gene associated with aggressive tendencies. What is the most likely outcome to be observed in their behavior as they grow up?
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Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place?
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________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior.
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Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish?
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Which of the following imaging techniques does not collect information about brain functioning?
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The ________ extends through the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.
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Glucose, a small uncharged molecule, can pass through the cell membrane, but sodium ions do not pass through the membrane easily. What is the most accurate explanation for these findings?
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________ is a technique often used in studies investigating sleep patterns. Researchers place electrodes at various locations on a person's head in order to record brainwaves.
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The ________ gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system.
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Considerable debate occurs regarding the use of anabolic steroid drugs like ________ in professional athletes and bodybuilders.
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Which of the following is not a hindbrain structure?
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Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain.
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Which of the following is not a disadvantage of PET scanning?
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The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as ________.
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Study Notes
Neurotransmitters and Hormones
- Neurotransmitters have fast effects, while hormones tend to have long-lasting effects.
- Hormones are produced by glands and circulate in the bloodstream, affecting various body functions over an extended period.
Endocrine Glands and Responses
- The adrenal glands increase activity during the fight or flight response, enhancing the body's readiness for emergencies.
- Diabetes is classified as an endocrine disorder, where insulin, a hormone, is crucial for blood sugar regulation.
Brain Imaging Techniques
- A computerized tomography (CT) scan uses multiple x-rays to create detailed images of the body or brain, helping in diagnosing conditions.
- Electroencephalography (EEG) records brainwaves by placing electrodes on the scalp, often used for researching sleep patterns.
Brain and Nervous System Structures
- The pons connects the brain and spinal cord, playing a key role in relaying signals.
- The cerebellum controls balance, coordination, and movement through messages from muscles and sensory structures.
Genetics and Aggression
- The presence of a gene associated with aggression in twins cannot definitively predict their behavior; environmental factors also play a significant role.
Behavioral Symptoms and Disorders
- Motor skill deficits on the left side of the body may indicate issues in the right frontal cortex, prompting a CT scan for investigation.
- Patients with only brainstem function, like Terri Schiavo, may be able to groan and move their eyes but not engage in higher cognitive functions like speaking.
Brain Functioning and Imaging Limitations
- A CT scan does not provide insights into brain functioning compared to techniques like fMRI or PET scans.
- The reticular formation extends through multiple brain regions and is involved in arousal and consciousness.
Membrane Permeability
- The semi-permeable nature of cell membranes allows small uncharged molecules, like glucose, to pass while restricting larger ions, like sodium, due to the membrane’s selective barriers.
Glands and Hormones
- The pituitary gland is known as the master gland of the endocrine system, regulating various hormone functions in the body.
- Testosterone is a commonly debated anabolic steroid used by athletes for performance enhancement.
Brain Anatomy
- Major brain structure differentiations include the gyri as folds and the sulci as grooves on the brain’s surface, contributing to its complex appearance.
- The amygdala, responsible for emotions, is not classified as a hindbrain structure, which includes the cerebellum, medulla, and pons.
PET Scan Considerations
- While PET scanning has certain limitations such as radiation exposure, it remains a valuable tool despite alternative diagnostic techniques like fMRI.
Hormonal Production
- The endocrine system is essential for producing hormones that regulate numerous biological processes, aiding in homeostasis within the body.
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Description
Test your knowledge of Chapter 3.3 in Psychology with this quiz. Explore key concepts related to neurotransmitters and the endocrine system. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of how these biological mechanisms interact.
