Psychology Chapter 3 Quiz and Flashcards: Neurotransmitters

Questions and Answers

The myelin sheath consists of a(n) ________.

glial cell

Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression?

Dopamine; Norepinephrine

If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________.

undergo no changes in strength, speed or duration

The ________ is the difference in charge between the intracellular and extracellular space of a neuron.

membrane potential Signup and view all the answers

________ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate.

Range of reaction Signup and view all the answers

Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the ________ that contributes to certain behaviors.

biology Signup and view all the answers

Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ________ balance.

neurotransmitter Signup and view all the answers

The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract.

parasympathetic Signup and view all the answers

________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation.

Beta-endorphin Signup and view all the answers

The of a neuron contain that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.

terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles Signup and view all the answers

Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.

somatic Signup and view all the answers

Polygenic means that most traits are controlled by ________.

more than one gene Signup and view all the answers

________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.

Action potential Signup and view all the answers

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the and .

central; peripheral NS Signup and view all the answers

The space between two neurons is called the ________.

synapse Signup and view all the answers

Agonists bind to and antagonists bind to .

receptors; receptors Signup and view all the answers

Hyperpolarization means that the ________.

membrane potential becomes slightly more negative than the resting potential Signup and view all the answers

Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by ________.

evolutionary psychologists Signup and view all the answers

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________.

depression Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following processes does not occur to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse?

Collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release Signup and view all the answers

Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M.) had brain surgery for which of the following reasons?

He had severe seizures Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?

Broca's area Signup and view all the answers

The ________ is the deep groove that separates the brain into two halves.

longitudinal fissure Signup and view all the answers

Dmitris is in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured.Which of the following is the most likely behavioral effect of his accident?

No sensation in his legs and feet Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following senses is not routed through the thalamus?

Smell Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury?

Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Clive Wearing could remember which of the following types of memory?

How to play the piano Signup and view all the answers

________ is the differences between hemispheres in the areas underlying language function.

Lateralization Signup and view all the answers

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ________.

spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

Rosemary had a stroke about a year ago. Which area of Rosemary's brain was likely damaged by the stroke?

Wernicke's Area Signup and view all the answers

People who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images shown to ________.

Only the right visual field Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a forebrain structure?

Pons Signup and view all the answers

The ________ is located deep within the brain, and it includes structures such as the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area.

midbrain Signup and view all the answers

Jeremy has Parkinson's disease, which structure is producing less ________ than it needs to?

Substantia nigra; dopamine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following higher level processes is not a function of the cerebral cortex?

Breathing Signup and view all the answers

The brain contains ________ of interconnected neurons and glia.

billions Signup and view all the answers

________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels.

Homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a limbic system structure?

Substantia Nigra Signup and view all the answers

________ is a midbrain structure critical to movement.

The ventral tegmental area Signup and view all the answers

Broca's area is located in which lobe of the brain?

Frontal Lobe Signup and view all the answers

Wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. Therefore, Wendy's must be and her father's must be Bb.

genotype; Bb Signup and view all the answers

Of adoptees whose biological mothers had schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, what is the most appropriate conclusion of these results?

Environmental factors and genetic factors interact to determine whether a person is likely to develop schizophrenia. Signup and view all the answers

Studying close relatives allows behavioral geneticists to determine ________.

The relative contributions of genes and environment in a population. Signup and view all the answers

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.

sympathetic Signup and view all the answers

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 , which are composed of long strands of .

chromosomes; DNA Signup and view all the answers

A difference in ________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives.

genetics Signup and view all the answers

Ainsley is participating in a study. What type of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study?

Positron emission tomography (PET) Signup and view all the answers

Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest. Which of the following functions could she still accomplish?

Groan and move her eyes Signup and view all the answers

The ________ connects the brain and the spinal cord.

pons Signup and view all the answers

Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place?

Motor skills deficits in the left side of the body Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not an endocrine gland?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be , whereas the effects of hormones tend to be .

fast; long lasting Signup and view all the answers

The ________ gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system.

pituitary Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a disadvantage of PET scanning?

An alternative diagnostic tool is fMRI Signup and view all the answers

________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior.

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as ________.

hormones Signup and view all the answers

The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce.

evolution by natural selection Signup and view all the answers

The ________ extends through the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.

reticular formation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following imaging techniques does not collect information about brain functioning?

Computerized tomography (CT) scan Signup and view all the answers

________ is a technique often used in studies investigating sleep patterns.

Electroencephalography (EEG) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a hindbrain structure?

Amygdala Signup and view all the answers

Parsons et al. are doing a study comparing differences in brain activity levels between patients with schizophrenia and controls. Which of the following is the best brain imaging technique to use?

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Signup and view all the answers

The ________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills.

cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chemical messenger do the male gonads secrete?

Androgens (ie. Testosterone) Signup and view all the answers

A ________ scan involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain.

Computerized Tomography (CT) Signup and view all the answers

Twin boys both have a gene associated with aggressive tendencies. What is the most likely outcome to be observed in their behavior as they grow up?

It is not possible to determine the twins' behaviors based on having this single gene. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Myelin Sheath and Neurons

The myelin sheath is composed of glial cells, which support nerve cells.
Membrane potential refers to the charge difference across a neuron's membrane.
An action potential is an electrical signal that travels down the axon and does not change in strength with varying signal magnitudes.
Terminal buttons contain synaptic vesicles that hold neurotransmitters, the chemical signals of the nervous system.

Neurotransmitters and Their Functions

Dopamine and norepinephrine play critical roles in appetite suppression.
Beta-endorphin functions in pleasure and pain modulation.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are primarily prescribed for treating depression.

Genetic Influences on Behavior

The range of reaction theory suggests genes establish limits for traits influenced by environment.
Polygenic traits are affected by multiple genes, making behavior complex.
Studies involving biological relatives help reveal the contribution of genetics and environment to behaviors and conditions like schizophrenia.

Nervous System Overview

The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system includes the somatic and autonomic systems.
The parasympathetic nervous system promotes digestion and relaxation, whereas the sympathetic nervous system drives responses like increased heart rate and pupil dilation.

Brain Structures and Functions

The longitudinal fissure divides the brain into two hemispheres.
Broca's area, located in the frontal lobe, is responsible for speech production, while Wernicke's area is involved in language comprehension.
The cerebellum coordinates balance, movement, and motor skills, receiving input from various sensory systems.

Behavioral Changes and Brain Injury

Cases like that of Phineas Gage illustrate the relationship between brain damage and behavioral changes.
Jeremy's Parkinson's disease highlights how decreases in dopamine from the substantia nigra affect mood and motor functions.
Clive Wearing's memory capabilities demonstrate the impact of specific brain areas on different types of memory.

Research Techniques and Technologies

Electroencephalography (EEG) is used to record brain waves, especially in sleep studies.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is optimal for assessing brain activity over time in studies like those involving schizophrenia.
Positron emission tomography (PET) measures brain activity in response to stimuli, as seen in studies of the occipital cortex.

Genetic and Environmental Interactions

Genetic differences can determine susceptibility to diseases, explaining individual health outcomes.
The interplay of environmental factors and genetic predispositions significantly influences the likelihood of developing psychological disorders.

Hormones and the Endocrine System

The pituitary gland is known as the master gland of the endocrine system, regulating hormonal activity.
Hormones produced by glands differ from neurotransmitters in their effects; hormones typically have longer-lasting impacts on the body.

Conclusion on Genetic Predispositions

The presence of aggressive tendencies in twins with a specific gene does not guarantee similar behavioral outcomes, emphasizing the importance of environmental factors.

These notes encapsulate key psychological concepts relevant to understanding the human nervous system, neurotransmitters, genetic influences, and various research methodologies.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge of key concepts and vocabulary from Psychology Chapter 3 with these flashcards. The quiz covers topics such as neurotransmitters and neuron signaling. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of psychological principles.

Psychology Chapter 3 Flashcards