Questions and Answers
What are the 7 ethics in psychological research?
Informed Consent, Debriefing, Protection, Deception, Confidentiality, Right of Withdrawal, Right to Privacy.
What is a sample in research?
A small representative group drawn from the population under study.
What are the two different kinds of samples? Describe.
Random Sample and Stratified Sample.
List and describe the 8 methods used by psychologists.
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What is the problem with naturalistic observation?
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What is a coefficient number?
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Describe coefficient numbers.
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List and describe the three types of correlation.
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What is a hypothesis?
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What is an experimental group?
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What is a control group?
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Why is there a need for a control group?
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What is the Hawthorne Effect?
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What is assignment in research?
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What is an independent variable?
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What is a dependent variable?
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What is an operational definition?
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What is a confounding variable?
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List and describe the two types of confounding variables.
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What is a placebo?
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What are the two types of traps to avoid in research?
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What are three ways to avoid possible bias?
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Study Notes
Ethical Considerations in Psychological Research
- Informed Consent: Participants must be informed about the research purpose, procedures, risks, and duration before agreeing to take part.
- Debriefing: After the research, participants must receive a thorough explanation of its purpose and findings.
- Protection: Safeguarding participants from physical, mental, or emotional harm is mandatory.
- Deception: Allowed under certain conditions; it must not induce distress and should be revealed during debriefing, weighing its necessity against benefits.
- Confidentiality: Participants' anonymity must be maintained throughout the study.
- Right of Withdrawal: Participants can opt-out of the research at any time without penalty.
- Right to Privacy: Respect for individuals' personal lives must be upheld.
Types of Samples
- Samples: Small representative groups drawn from the larger population, ensuring avoidance of bias.
Sampling Methods
- Random Sample: Every individual in the population has an equal chance of selection.
- Stratified Sample: Ensures representation from all various subgroups within the population.
Research Methods Used by Psychologists
- Survey: A method utilizing questionnaires to gauge attitudes, beliefs, and opinions.
- Correlation: Assesses the relationship between two data sets, allowing predictions but not establishing cause-and-effect.
- Naturalistic Observation: Involves observing subjects in their natural settings without interference or their awareness.
- Experiment: Conducts research in a controlled environment to test a hypothesis, establishing cause-and-effect relationships.
- Case Study: An in-depth examination of an individual or group, forming the basis for the development of theories.
- Longitudinal Study: Follows individuals or groups over extended periods to observe changes and development.
- Cross-Sectional Study: Compares behaviors across groups of differing ages at a single point in time.
- Cross-Cultural Study: Investigates behaviors across different cultures to determine universality or specificity.
Challenges of Naturalistic Observation
- Interpretation Variability: Different researchers may interpret observed behaviors differently, leading to potential biases in findings.
Correlation Coefficients
- Coefficient Number: Indicates the strength of the relationship between variables, ranging from -1 to +1.
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Correlation Strengths:
- 1.00 shows a perfect correlation.
- .60 to .99 indicates a strong correlation.
- .30 to .59 denotes a moderate correlation.
- .01 to .29 represents a weak correlation.
- 0 signifies no correlation.
Types of Correlation
- Positive Correlation: Both variables increase or decrease together (e.g., more hours worked = higher account balance).
- Negative Correlation: One variable decreases as the other increases (e.g., more miles driven = less gas in tank).
- Scatter Plots: Graphs illustrating the relationship between two data sets, showcasing correlation visually.
Research Terms
- Hypothesis: A testable prediction that results can support or refute.
- Experimental Group: Participants receiving treatment or experiencing variable manipulation during the experiment.
- Control Group: Participants not receiving treatment, serving as a baseline for comparison.
Importance of Control Group
- Comparison Purposes: Helps in determining the effects of the treatment by comparing against the control group.
- Identifying the Hawthorne Effect: Ensures any impacts on subjects due to awareness of observation are accounted for.
Hawthorne Effect
- Definition: Participants' behavior can be influenced simply by knowing they are part of a study.
Research Design
- Assignment: Allocation of subjects to experimental or control groups, ideally done at random.
- Independent Variable (IV): The variable manipulated by the researcher to observe effects.
- Dependent Variable (DV): The outcome presumed to change in response to the IV.
- Operational Definition: Detailed guidelines on how IV and DV will be measured.
Confounding Variables
- Definition: External factors affecting the DV other than the IV.
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Types of Confounding Variables:
- Subject Relevant: Variations based on inherent participant features; mitigated through random assignment.
- Situation Relevant: Differences arising from environmental conditions; controlled by maintaining identical settings for both groups.
Additional Research Considerations
- Placebo: A non-active treatment used as a control in experiments.
- Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Researchers inadvertently influence outcomes based on their expectations.
- Experimenter Bias: Research outcomes skewed by the researcher’s expectations or beliefs.
Reducing Bias in Research
- Double Blind Experiment: Neither participants nor researchers know group assignments to minimize bias.
- Single Blind Experiment: Only participants are unaware of their group, reducing demand characteristics.
- Repetition: Performing duplicate experiments to verify results and reduce the impact of variables.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts from Psychology Chapter 2. This quiz covers important terms such as informed consent, debriefing, protection, and deception in research methodologies. Get ready to enhance your understanding of research ethics in psychology.
