Questions and Answers
Define fixed and variable ratio schedules of reinforcement and provide a specific example of each.
A fixed ratio schedule requires completion of a number of responses to produce a reinforcer, e.g., a factory worker getting paid for every x number of items manufactured. A variable ratio schedule requires completion of a variable number of responses, e.g., playing the lottery.
Define fixed and variable interval schedules of reinforcement and provide a specific example of each.
A fixed interval schedule provides reinforcement for the first response after a fixed duration, e.g., a teacher giving quizzes every Monday. A variable interval schedule provides reinforcement after variable durations of time, e.g., checking Facebook.
Compare and contrast the effects of fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval schedules of reinforcement on behavior.
Variable ratio has the highest response rate with constant responding. Fixed ratio has a high response rate that is steady. Fixed interval has moderate rates with pauses after reinforcement. Variable interval has moderate, steady rates.
Explain how the extinction of a behavior maintained by positive reinforcement differs procedurally from extinction of a behavior maintained by negative reinforcement. Provide an example of each.
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Study Notes
Schedules of Reinforcement
- Fixed Ratio Schedule: Reinforcement occurs after a specific number of responses. Example: Factory worker paid for every x items produced.
- Variable Ratio Schedule: Reinforcement is provided after a varying number of responses, making it unpredictable. Example: Lottery or gambling, where the number of attempts before winning varies.
- Fixed Interval Schedule: Reinforcement is given for the first response after a set duration. Example: Weekly quizzes given by a teacher every Monday.
- Variable Interval Schedule: Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable amount of time has passed. Example: Checking Facebook or inspections at restaurants that occur at variable times.
Effects of Schedules on Behavior
- Variable Ratio Schedule: Produces the highest response rate, characterized by constant activity without pauses; exhibits strong resistance to extinction.
- Fixed Ratio Schedule: High and steady response rates; resistance to extinction increases with the higher ratio of responses required.
- Fixed Interval Schedule: Moderate response rates with noticeable pauses after reinforcement; longer intervals lead to greater resistance to extinction.
- Variable Interval Schedule: Maintains steady response rates, with reinforcement provided at unpredictable time intervals.
Extinction of Behaviors
- Positive Reinforcement Extinction: Involves ceasing to provide reinforcers when a behavior occurs. Example: Toddler's tantrums for attention diminish when parents stop responding, leading to extinction after ten sessions.
- Negative Reinforcement Extinction: Occurs when escape from an aversive stimulus is not possible. Example: A child who offers food refusal behavior terminates avoidance by being fed until compliance increases to 100% over two sessions.
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Description
Test your understanding of reinforcement schedules with this quiz focused on fixed and variable ratios and intervals. You'll be required to define each type and provide relevant examples, deepening your grasp of behavioral psychology concepts.
