Psychology Chapter 16

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Questions and Answers

What is the situation with Brad?

Brad is contemplating suicide

What is the best way to gain insight into a person's core problems from Freud's psychodynamic perspective?

Use behavioral techniques

Practice mindfulness

Bring unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness (correct)

Focus on past experiences

What type of psychotherapy is Dr. Patterson practicing?

client-centered

What will Jan most likely be asked to do if her therapist uses the flooding technique?

Attend a sold-out rock concert with no way home until after the concert Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important determinant of whether or not therapy is successful?

Quality of the client's participation Signup and view all the answers

What difficulties will Chaz likely face when he returns home?

All of these Signup and view all the answers

What approach to therapy assumes that psychological disorders are learned and can be treated by applying the principles of learning?

behavioral Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following operant conditioning techniques is INCORRECTLY paired with its description?

Token system—The therapist reduces the frequency of undesired behavior by pairing an aversive, unpleasant stimulus with undesired behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is psychotherapy?

Treatment in which a trained professional—a therapist—uses psychological techniques to help someone overcome psychological difficulties and disorders, resolve problems in living, or bring about personal growth. Signup and view all the answers

What are atypical antipsychotics?

Atypical antipsychotics Signup and view all the answers

What is rational-emotive behavior therapy?

A form of therapy that attempts to restructure a person's belief system into a more realistic, rational, and logical set of views by challenging dysfunctional beliefs that maintain irrational behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is the manifest content of a dream?

The surface description of a dream Signup and view all the answers

What is the best treatment for Giovanni's cocaine abuse and Hans' dog phobia?

Giovanni—aversive conditioning; Hans—systematic desensitization Signup and view all the answers

What is a hierarchy of fears used in?

Systematic desensitization Signup and view all the answers

What is transference?

The transmission of feelings to a psychoanalyst of love or anger that had been originally directed to a patient's parents or other authority figures. Signup and view all the answers

What is the success rate of most treatments compared to untreated individuals?

75-80% greater success for treated compared with untreated individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What are antidepressant drugs?

A class of medications used in cases of severe depression to improve a patient's mood and feeling of well-being. Signup and view all the answers

How might a behavior therapist treat psychological disorders most effectively?

The client should learn new behaviors to replace the faulty skills. Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy emphasizes the challenging of irrational, unrealistic beliefs?

Rational-emotive behavior therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) used to treat?

Depression Signup and view all the answers

What is the behavior therapy technique used in the scenario where a client watches a film in which an individual greets strangers in a crowded room?

Observational learning Signup and view all the answers

What is contemporary person-centered therapy different from it was in Rogers' day?

Therapists are more likely to nudge clients towards insights rather than merely reflecting back their statements. Signup and view all the answers

What are clinical psychologists?

Professionals with a Ph.D. or Psy.D. who have also completed a postgraduate internship. They specialize in assessment and treatment of psychological difficulties, providing psychotherapy and, in some U.S. states, can prescribe drugs. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following approaches to psychotherapy is correctly matched with its description?

Behavioral approach—Classical and operant conditioning principles are used to change people's behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is self-help therapy?

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is an example of self-help therapy. Signup and view all the answers

What is an antidepressant drug?

Prozac is an example of an antidepressant drug. Signup and view all the answers

What is exposure?

A behavioral treatment for anxiety in which people are confronted either suddenly or gradually with a stimulus that they fear. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is most true?

The longer an individual is not in therapy, the more difficult it is for them to overcome their problems. Signup and view all the answers

When was electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) introduced and what is it used to treat?

1930s; severe depression Signup and view all the answers

Who published a study challenging the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy?

Eysenck Signup and view all the answers

Approximately what percentage of U.S. families includes a member who has taken an antianxiety drug?

50% Signup and view all the answers

Why has psychodynamic therapy remained a viable approach to psychological treatment?

It facilitates the development of deep insight into one's life. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Dr. Andersen and Dr. Bradley's approaches?

Dr. Andersen practices psychotherapy; Dr. Bradley, biomedical therapy. Signup and view all the answers

What is group therapy?

Therapy in which people meet collectively with a therapist to discuss problems. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy is a treatment that involves a trained professional, a therapist, who uses psychological techniques to help someone overcome psychological difficulties and disorders, resolve problems in living, or bring about personal growth.

Operant Conditioning Techniques

Token system: rewards desired behavior with a poker chip or play money.
Aversive conditioning: reduces the frequency of undesired behavior by pairing an unpleasant stimulus with undesired behavior.

Types of Therapy

Behavioral approach: uses classical and operant conditioning principles to change people's behavior.
Rational-emotive behavior therapy: attempts to restructure a person's belief system into a more realistic, rational, and logical set of views by challenging dysfunctional beliefs that maintain irrational behavior.
Psychodynamic therapy: seeks to bring unresolved past conflicts and unacceptable impulses from the unconscious into the conscious, where patients may deal with the problems more effectively.
Humanistic therapy: focuses on the present, emphasizes personal growth, and helps individuals realize their full potential.
Cognitive therapy: focuses on eliminating illogical and self-defeating thoughts.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy: attempts to produce change by helping clients to eliminate self-defeating thoughts.

Therapy Techniques

Systematic desensitization: a technique used to treat anxiety, where the client is exposed to a feared stimulus in a gradual and controlled manner.
Exposure: a behavioral treatment for anxiety, where the client is confronted with a feared stimulus.
Observational learning: a technique used in behavior therapy, where the client observes and imitates the behavior of someone else.
Flooding: a technique used to treat fears, where the client is exposed to a feared stimulus in a sudden and intense manner.

Biomedical Therapies

Antidepressant drugs: used to treat depression, such as Prozac.
Antipsychotic drugs: used to treat psychosis, such as schizophrenia.
Mood-stabilizing drugs: used to treat bipolar disorder, such as lithium.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): used to treat severe depression.

Therapists

Clinical psychologists: professionals with a Ph.D. or Psy.D. who specialize in assessment and treatment of psychological difficulties.
Counseling psychologists: professionals with a Ph.D. or Ed.D. who typically treat day-to-day adjustment problems.
Psychodynamic therapists: focus on the unconscious mind and childhood experiences.

Therapy Effectiveness

Research shows that behavioral therapy is roughly 80% more effective than no treatment at all.
Different forms of therapy work best in different situations.
The quality of the client's participation is the most important determinant of whether or not therapy is successful.

Other

Transference: the transmission of feelings to a psychoanalyst of love or anger that had been originally directed to a patient's parents or other authority figures.
Meta-analysis: a research technique that combines data from a large number of studies to draw conclusions.

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