Psychology Chapter 15: Disorders Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is a psychological disorder?

  • A medical condition that requires surgery
  • A normal and healthy behavior
  • An emotional state that lasts for a day
  • Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors (correct)

    • What symptoms characterize Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?

    Extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

    What is the medical model in psychology?

    The concept that diseases, including psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and cured.

    What does DSM-IV-TR stand for?

    <p>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Axis I of the DSM-IV-TR assesses _____ syndromes.

    <p>clinical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are anxiety disorders characterized by?

    <p>Distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

    <p>A person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a panic disorder?

    <p>An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable episodes of intense dread.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a phobia?

    <p>A persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

    <p>An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

    <p>Haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia following a traumatic experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is post-traumatic growth?

    <p>Positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the learning perspective on anxiety?

    <p>Anxiety is learned through fear conditioning, observational learning, and cognitive interpretations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the biological perspective say about anxiety?

    <p>We are biologically prepared to fear threats, with genetic influences and brain activity contributing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are mood disorders characterized by?

    <p>Emotional extremes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe major depressive disorder.

    <p>A mood disorder characterized by significant depressed moods or diminished interest/pleasure lasting two or more weeks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mania?

    <p>A hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bipolar disorder?

    <p>A mood disorder in which a person alternates between depression and mania.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List some facts about mood disorders.

    <p>Many behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression, it's widespread, and women's risk is nearly double that of men.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biological perspective on mood disorders?

    <p>Genetics influence mood disorders, demonstrated by family histories and brain activity changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the social-cognitive perspective suggest about mood disorders?

    <p>Negative thoughts and negative moods interrelate, leading to learned helplessness and depression's vicious cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key features of schizophrenia?

    <p>Disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the subtypes of schizophrenia with their characteristics:

    <p>Paranoid = Delusions and hallucinations related to paranoia Disorganized = Disorganized speech/behavior or flat/inappropriate emotion Catatonic = Immobility, extreme negativism, repeating others Undifferentiated = Many and varied symptoms Residual = Withdrawal after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are delusions?

    <p>False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, accompanying psychotic disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia?

    <p>Dopamine overactivity, abnormal brain activity and anatomy, and maternal virus during midpregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can schizophrenia be inherited?

    <p>Yes, schizophrenia can be inherited.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological factors can contribute to schizophrenia?

    <p>Mother with schizophrenia, birth complications, separation from parents, and emotional unpredictability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are dissociative disorders?

    <p>Disorders where conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dissociative identity disorder (DID)?

    <p>A rare dissociative disorder where a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is anorexia nervosa?

    <p>An eating disorder where a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe bulimia nervosa.

    <p>An eating disorder where a person alternates binge eating with purging or fasting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines binge-eating disorder?

    <p>Significant binge-eating episodes followed by distress but without compensatory purging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are personality disorders?

    <p>Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is antisocial personality disorder?

    <p>A personality disorder exhibiting a lack of conscience for wrongdoing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List some risk factors for mental disorders.

    <p>Academic failure, birth complications, child abuse, family conflict, low socioeconomic status, parental mental illness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some protective factors for mental disorders?

    <p>Aerobic exercise, supportive community, effective parenting, feelings of security, literacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Psychological Disorders

    • Defined by deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

    Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

    • Diagnosed by age 7 and characterized by extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

    Medical Model

    • Suggests psychological disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and often cured, typically in a hospital setting.

    DSM-IV-TR

    • The American Psychiatric Association's system for classifying psychological disorders, regularly used for diagnosis.

    Axis I-V

    • Classification system:
      • Axis I: Clinical syndrome present?
      • Axis II: Personality disorder or mental retardation?
      • Axis III: General medical condition?
      • Axis IV: Psychosocial/environmental problems?
      • Axis V: Global assessment of functioning.

    Anxiety Disorders

    • Characterized by persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors aimed at reducing anxiety.

    Generalized Anxiety Disorder

    • Features continual tension, apprehension, and autonomic arousal.

    Panic Disorder

    • Involves unpredictable, intense episodes of dread with symptoms like chest pain and a feeling of choking.

    Phobia

    • An irrational fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations.

    Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

    • Defined by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and compulsive behaviors (compulsions).

    Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

    • Results in haunting memories, nightmares, and heightened anxiety lasting beyond four weeks after trauma.

    Post-Traumatic Growth

    • Refers to positive psychological changes resulting from overcoming challenging life circumstances.

    Learning Perspective on Anxiety

    • Involves:
      • Fear Conditioning: Anxiety learned through unpredictable negative events.
      • Observational Learning: Behaviors learned from others.
      • Cognition: Irrational beliefs contribute to anxiety.

    Biological Perspective on Anxiety

    • Includes:
      • Natural Selection: Biological preparedness to fear threats.
      • Genetics: Anxiety can be hereditary.
      • Brain Function: Disordered brains may signal anxiety in confusing situations.

    Mood Disorders

    • Characterized by emotional extremes, including major depressive disorder, mania, and bipolar disorder.

    Major Depressive Disorder

    • Involves two or more weeks of depressed mood or diminished interest alongside other symptoms.

    Mania

    • Marked by hyperactivity and an overly optimistic state.

    Bipolar Disorder

    • Features alternating episodes of depression and mania (formerly manic-depressive disorder).

    Other Important Facts about Mood Disorders

    • Cognitive and behavioral symptoms accompany depression.
    • Depression prevalence is high.
    • Women are nearly twice as likely to experience major depression compared to men.
    • Major depressive episodes often self-resolve.
    • Stressful life events often trigger depression, particularly in younger adults.

    Biological Perspective on Mood Disorders

    • Genetics play a significant role, as these disorders can run in families.
    • Brain activity decreases during depression and increases during mania.

    Social-Cognitive Perspective on Mood Disorders

    • Negative thoughts and moods form a cycle of learned helplessness that perpetuates depression.

    Schizophrenia

    • Involves severe disorders with disorganized thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions.

    Subtypes of Schizophrenia

    • Includes:
      • Paranoid: Delusions and hallucinations.
      • Disorganized: Disorganized speech and behavior; flat emotions.
      • Catatonic: Immobility and extreme negative behavior.
      • Undifferentiated: Varied symptoms.
      • Residual: Withdrawing after symptoms subside.

    Delusions

    • False beliefs, such as feelings of persecution or grandeur, common in psychotic disorders.

    Brain Abnormalities in Schizophrenia

    • Involves dopamine overactivity and abnormal brain structures, with prenatal factors like maternal virus exposure.

    Genetic Factors of Schizophrenia

    • Schizophrenia has a hereditary component.

    Psychological Factors of Schizophrenia

    • Family history, birth complications, childhood behavior issues, and poor peer relationships contribute to risk.

    Dissociative Disorders

    • Characterized by a disconnection from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

    Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

    • A rare condition marked by the presence of two or more distinct personalities.

    Anorexia Nervosa

    • Eating disorder where individuals (often adolescent females) maintain a starvation diet despite significant underweight.

    Bulimia Nervosa

    • Alternating between binge eating and purging behaviors, such as vomiting or using laxatives.

    Binge-Eating Disorder

    • Involves episodes of significant binge eating followed by feelings of distress, without purging.

    Personality Disorders

    • Defined by inflexible behavior patterns impairing social functioning.

    Antisocial Personality Disorder

    • Marked by a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, aggression, or manipulative behaviors, often seen in males.

    Risk Factors for Mental Disorders

    • Include academic failure, birth complications, childhood abuse, family issues, low socioeconomic status, and trauma.

    Protective Factors for Mental Disorders

    • Involve supportive environments, effective parenting, feelings of security, and social support systems.

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    Test your knowledge on key psychological disorders with these flashcards focused on Chapter 15. Explore terms like ADHD and the Medical Model to enhance your understanding of mental health concepts and definitions. Perfect for psychology students preparing for exams.

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