Questions and Answers
What is a psychological disorder?
What symptoms characterize Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?
Extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
What is the medical model in psychology?
The concept that diseases, including psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and cured.
What does DSM-IV-TR stand for?
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Axis I of the DSM-IV-TR assesses _____ syndromes.
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What are anxiety disorders characterized by?
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What defines Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
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What is a panic disorder?
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What characterizes a phobia?
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Define obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
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What characterizes post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
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What is post-traumatic growth?
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What is the learning perspective on anxiety?
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What does the biological perspective say about anxiety?
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What are mood disorders characterized by?
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Describe major depressive disorder.
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What is mania?
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What is bipolar disorder?
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List some facts about mood disorders.
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What is the biological perspective on mood disorders?
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What does the social-cognitive perspective suggest about mood disorders?
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What are the key features of schizophrenia?
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Match the subtypes of schizophrenia with their characteristics:
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What are delusions?
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What are some brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia?
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Can schizophrenia be inherited?
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What psychological factors can contribute to schizophrenia?
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What are dissociative disorders?
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What is dissociative identity disorder (DID)?
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What is anorexia nervosa?
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Describe bulimia nervosa.
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What defines binge-eating disorder?
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What are personality disorders?
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What is antisocial personality disorder?
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List some risk factors for mental disorders.
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What are some protective factors for mental disorders?
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Study Notes
Psychological Disorders
- Defined by deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Diagnosed by age 7 and characterized by extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
Medical Model
- Suggests psychological disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and often cured, typically in a hospital setting.
DSM-IV-TR
- The American Psychiatric Association's system for classifying psychological disorders, regularly used for diagnosis.
Axis I-V
- Classification system:
- Axis I: Clinical syndrome present?
- Axis II: Personality disorder or mental retardation?
- Axis III: General medical condition?
- Axis IV: Psychosocial/environmental problems?
- Axis V: Global assessment of functioning.
Anxiety Disorders
- Characterized by persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors aimed at reducing anxiety.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- Features continual tension, apprehension, and autonomic arousal.
Panic Disorder
- Involves unpredictable, intense episodes of dread with symptoms like chest pain and a feeling of choking.
Phobia
- An irrational fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
- Defined by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and compulsive behaviors (compulsions).
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- Results in haunting memories, nightmares, and heightened anxiety lasting beyond four weeks after trauma.
Post-Traumatic Growth
- Refers to positive psychological changes resulting from overcoming challenging life circumstances.
Learning Perspective on Anxiety
- Involves:
- Fear Conditioning: Anxiety learned through unpredictable negative events.
- Observational Learning: Behaviors learned from others.
- Cognition: Irrational beliefs contribute to anxiety.
Biological Perspective on Anxiety
- Includes:
- Natural Selection: Biological preparedness to fear threats.
- Genetics: Anxiety can be hereditary.
- Brain Function: Disordered brains may signal anxiety in confusing situations.
Mood Disorders
- Characterized by emotional extremes, including major depressive disorder, mania, and bipolar disorder.
Major Depressive Disorder
- Involves two or more weeks of depressed mood or diminished interest alongside other symptoms.
Mania
- Marked by hyperactivity and an overly optimistic state.
Bipolar Disorder
- Features alternating episodes of depression and mania (formerly manic-depressive disorder).
Other Important Facts about Mood Disorders
- Cognitive and behavioral symptoms accompany depression.
- Depression prevalence is high.
- Women are nearly twice as likely to experience major depression compared to men.
- Major depressive episodes often self-resolve.
- Stressful life events often trigger depression, particularly in younger adults.
Biological Perspective on Mood Disorders
- Genetics play a significant role, as these disorders can run in families.
- Brain activity decreases during depression and increases during mania.
Social-Cognitive Perspective on Mood Disorders
- Negative thoughts and moods form a cycle of learned helplessness that perpetuates depression.
Schizophrenia
- Involves severe disorders with disorganized thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions.
Subtypes of Schizophrenia
- Includes:
- Paranoid: Delusions and hallucinations.
- Disorganized: Disorganized speech and behavior; flat emotions.
- Catatonic: Immobility and extreme negative behavior.
- Undifferentiated: Varied symptoms.
- Residual: Withdrawing after symptoms subside.
Delusions
- False beliefs, such as feelings of persecution or grandeur, common in psychotic disorders.
Brain Abnormalities in Schizophrenia
- Involves dopamine overactivity and abnormal brain structures, with prenatal factors like maternal virus exposure.
Genetic Factors of Schizophrenia
- Schizophrenia has a hereditary component.
Psychological Factors of Schizophrenia
- Family history, birth complications, childhood behavior issues, and poor peer relationships contribute to risk.
Dissociative Disorders
- Characterized by a disconnection from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
- A rare condition marked by the presence of two or more distinct personalities.
Anorexia Nervosa
- Eating disorder where individuals (often adolescent females) maintain a starvation diet despite significant underweight.
Bulimia Nervosa
- Alternating between binge eating and purging behaviors, such as vomiting or using laxatives.
Binge-Eating Disorder
- Involves episodes of significant binge eating followed by feelings of distress, without purging.
Personality Disorders
- Defined by inflexible behavior patterns impairing social functioning.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Marked by a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, aggression, or manipulative behaviors, often seen in males.
Risk Factors for Mental Disorders
- Include academic failure, birth complications, childhood abuse, family issues, low socioeconomic status, and trauma.
Protective Factors for Mental Disorders
- Involve supportive environments, effective parenting, feelings of security, and social support systems.
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Test your knowledge on key psychological disorders with these flashcards focused on Chapter 15. Explore terms like ADHD and the Medical Model to enhance your understanding of mental health concepts and definitions. Perfect for psychology students preparing for exams.