Psychology Chapter 14 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What reflects abnormalities of the mind?

Psychological or Mental Disorders

What characteristics must a mental disorder have to be qualified as a mental disorder?

Persistent, harmful to the person, and uncontrollable thoughts, feelings, or emotions.

What is the conceptualization of psychological disorders as diseases called?

Medical Model

What do clinicians observe in diagnosing mental disorders?

Behaviors, thoughts, emotions, and a coherent cluster of symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the DSM and when was it first published?

The DSM is a diagnostic tool for mental disorders, first published in 1952. Signup and view all the answers

What does DSM-IV-TR stand for?

Fourth edition of DSM with Text Revision Signup and view all the answers

What three elements must be present for a cluster of symptoms to be classified as a potential mental disorder according to DSM-IV-TR?

Disturbance in behavior, thoughts, or emotions; significant personal distress or impairment; internal dysfunction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Global Assessment of Functioning?

A 0-100 rating indicating severity of disorders. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual?

Comorbidity Signup and view all the answers

What does etiology refer to in the context of psychological disorders?

Specifiable patterns of causes that exist for different psychological disorders. Signup and view all the answers

What model suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder until triggered by stress?

Diasthesis-Stress Model Signup and view all the answers

What is a diasthesis?

The internal predisposition that can be genetic. Signup and view all the answers

What is the fallacy that assumes effective treatment must address the cause of the problem called?

Intervention-Causation Fallacy Signup and view all the answers

What is an important complication regarding mental health that has negative consequences?

Effect of labelling Signup and view all the answers

What class of mental disorder has anxiety as the predominant feature?

Anxiety Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What are the four anxiety disorders recognized in the DSM-IV-TR?

Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Phobic Disorders, Panic Disorders, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Signup and view all the answers

What disorder is characterized by chronic excessive worry?

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Signup and view all the answers

In which socioeconomic group is Generalized Anxiety Disorder more common?

The lower socioeconomic group Signup and view all the answers

Which gender is Generalized Anxiety Disorder more frequent in?

Women Signup and view all the answers

What are phobic disorders characterized by?

Marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations. Signup and view all the answers

What is a specific phobia?

A disorder involving an irrational fear of a particular object or situation. Signup and view all the answers

What does social phobia involve?

An irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed. Signup and view all the answers

What theory suggests people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears?

Preparedness Theory Signup and view all the answers

What is a panic disorder characterized by?

The sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms contributing to feelings of stark terror. Signup and view all the answers

What is agoraphobia?

An extreme fear of venturing into public places. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

Repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions). Signup and view all the answers

What class of mental disorders has mood disturbance as the predominant feature?

Mood Disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is Major Depressive Disorder characterized by?

A severely depressed mood lasting 2 weeks or more, accompanied by feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure. Signup and view all the answers

What is dysthymia?

A disorder with symptoms similar to depression, but less severe and lasting at least 2 years. Signup and view all the answers

What is double depression?

A moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years, punctuated by periods of major depression. Signup and view all the answers

What is Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)?

Depression involving recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern. Signup and view all the answers

What does Helplessness Theory suggest regarding individuals prone to depression?

They attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal, stable, and global. Signup and view all the answers

What is Bipolar Disorder?

An unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood and low mood. Signup and view all the answers

What is Rapid Cycling Bipolar Disorder?

Bipolar disorder characterized by at least four mood episodes every year. Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder has the highest rate of heritability among various mental disorders?

Bipolar Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is a Dissociative Disorder?

A condition with severely disjointed cognitive processes creating significant disruptions in memory, awareness, or personality. Signup and view all the answers

What is Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?

The presence of two or more distinct identities taking control of an individual's behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is Dissociative Amnesia?

The sudden loss of memory of significant personal information. Signup and view all the answers

What is Dissociative Fugue?

The sudden loss of memory for one's personal history, accompanied by an abrupt departure from home. Signup and view all the answers

What is Schizophrenia characterized by?

Profound disruption of basic psychological processes; distorted perception of reality; altered emotion and disturbances in thought. Signup and view all the answers

What are the qualifications for Schizophrenia?

Two or more of the symptoms must exist continuously for 1 month and signs of the disorder ongoing for at least 6 months. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 5 main symptoms of Schizophrenia?

Delusion, Hallucination, Disorganized Speech, Disorganized Behavior or Catatonic Behavior, Negative Symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

What is a delusion?

A patently false belief system maintained despite irrationality. Signup and view all the answers

When might an individual believe they are another prominent figure, what symptom is exhibited?

Delusion Signup and view all the answers

If a patient believes the CIA or demons are conspiring against them, what symptom is exhibited?

Delusion Signup and view all the answers

What is a hallucination?

A false perceptual experience with a compelling sense of reality despite the absence of external stimulation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common form of schizophrenic hallucinations?

Auditory hallucinations Signup and view all the answers

If a patient reports hearing voices, what symptom are they experiencing?

Hallucination Signup and view all the answers

What is disorganized speech?

Severe disruption of verbal communication with rapid, incoherent shifts from one idea to another. Signup and view all the answers

If a patient goes off on unrelated tangents during questioning, what symptom are they exhibiting?

Disorganized Speech Signup and view all the answers

What is grossly disorganized behavior?

Behavior inappropriate for a situation, often with specific motor disturbances. Signup and view all the answers

If a patient exhibits childlike silliness or improper sexual behavior in public, what symptom are they exhibiting?

Grossly Disorganized Behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is catatonic behavior?

A marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity. Signup and view all the answers

If a patient resists movements despite induced movement, what symptom are they experiencing?

Catatonic Behavior Signup and view all the answers

What are negative symptoms?

Emotional and social withdrawal, apathy, and indications of absence or insufficiency of normal behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three subtypes of schizophrenia?

Paranoid, Catatonic, and Disorganized Signup and view all the answers

What is the dopamine hypothesis?

The idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity. Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical features are found in the brain indicating schizophrenia?

Enlarged ventricles suggesting a loss of brain tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What is a personality disorder?

A disorder with ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating that cause distress. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three clusters of personality disorders within the DSM-IV-TR?

Odd/eccentric, Dramatic/Erratic, and Anxious/inhibited. Signup and view all the answers

What is Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)?

A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others. Signup and view all the answers

What do we call people with APD who are coldhearted, manipulative, and ruthless?

Sociopaths and Psychopaths Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Psychological or Mental Disorders

Symptoms indicating abnormalities in the mind.
Must be persistent, harmful, and uncontrollable to qualify as a disorder.

Medical Model

Conceptualizes psychological disorders as diseases with biological causes, specific symptoms, and potential cures.

Diagnosis of Mental Disorders

Clinicians observe behaviors, thoughts, and emotions for underlying syndromes.
Symptoms must form a coherent cluster.

DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)

Created to standardize diagnoses among therapists and researchers.
First published in 1952, evolves with revisions.

DSM-IV-TR Classification

Describes features for diagnosing recognized mental disorders.
Requires disturbance in behavior, significant distress, and internal dysfunction.

Global Assessment of Functioning

A 0-100 scale indicating severity of dysfunction, with lower numbers indicating more severe disorders.

Comorbidity

Refers to the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in an individual.

Etiology

Investigates the specific causes behind different psychological disorders.

Diathesis-Stress Model

Suggests predisposition to mental disorders remains unexpressed until triggered by stress.

Anxiety Disorders

Dominated by anxiety, includes Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Phobic Disorders, Panic Disorders, and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD).

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Chronic worry with symptoms, such as restlessness and sleep disturbances.
More prevalent in women and lower socioeconomic groups.

Phobic Disorders

Excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects or situations, including Specific Phobia and Social Phobia.

Panic Disorder

Features sudden intense fear and panic attacks, often accompanied by Agoraphobia.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Involves intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) that disrupt functioning.

Mood Disorders

Defined by mood disturbances, encapsulating Major Depressive Disorder and Dysthymia.

Major Depressive Disorder

Characterized by severe, persistent depression lasting over two weeks.

Bipolar Disorder

Marked by alternating episodes of high and low moods; has a high heritability rate.

Dissociative Disorders

Involve significant disruptions in memory and identity, including Dissociative Identity Disorder and Dissociative Amnesia.

Schizophrenia

Features include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, and negative symptoms.
Symptoms must persist for at least one month for diagnosis.

Schizophrenia Symptoms

Delusions represent false beliefs; hallucinations typically manifest as auditory experiences.
Disorganized speech may reflect incoherent thought patterns; negative symptoms indicate absence of normal emotion or behavior.

Personality Disorders

Involve ingrained patterns of thought and behavior causing distress or functional impairment, categorized into three clusters: Odd/eccentric, Dramatic/Erratic, and Anxious/inhibited.

Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)

Characterized by a pattern of disregard for others' rights; often includes sociopathic and psychopathic traits.

Dopamine Hypothesis

Suggests schizophrenia involves increased dopamine activity, with structural brain abnormalities showing enlarged ventricles.

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Test your knowledge on Chapter 14 of Psychology with these flashcards. This chapter focuses on psychological disorders, their characteristics, and how they are classified. Perfect for reviewing key terms and concepts in mental health.