Psychology Chapter 13: Self and Personality

Questions and Answers

According to Rotter's expectancy theory, which of the following cognitions would lead to someone having a studious personality? (Select all that apply)

The expectancy that studying will lead to good grades (correct)

Placing a high value on academic success (correct)

Low motivation

An internal locus of control (correct)

What does openness to experience refer to?

Imaginative vs. down to earth, likes variety vs. likes routine, independent vs. conforming

Define extraversion.

Sociable or retiring, fun-loving or somber, affectionate or reserved

What are the traits associated with conscientiousness?

Organized vs disorganized, careful vs careless, self-disciplined vs weak willed Signup and view all the answers

What does agreeableness refer to?

Softhearted vs ruthless, trusting vs suspicious, helpful vs uncooperative Signup and view all the answers

Define neuroticism.

Worried vs calm, insecure vs secure, self-pitying vs self-satisfied Signup and view all the answers

What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

A person tells a story about an ambiguous picture Signup and view all the answers

What does the NEO Personality Inventory involve?

A person indicates how well a series of traits describes him Signup and view all the answers

Describe the Rorschach inkblot test.

A person describes what an ambiguous image appears to be Signup and view all the answers

What is personality in everyday life used for?

Collecting data about someone's interactions and tendencies Signup and view all the answers

What are self-report measures?

Questionnaire-based assessments that do not try to uncover unconscious influences Signup and view all the answers

What do projective measures examine?

Use ambiguous pictures or stories to examine unconscious processes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are results from twin and adoption personality studies? (Select all that apply)

There appears to be little parental influence on adopted children's personalities Signup and view all the answers

What is the working self-concept?

Immediate, limited information about the self Signup and view all the answers

Define sense of self.

Who one believes one is Signup and view all the answers

What is self-esteem?

Affective aspect of our sense of self Signup and view all the answers

What is a self schema?

Integrated set of memories, beliefs, and generalizations about the self Signup and view all the answers

In different social situations, how does Chester's working self-concept vary?

Variable when he is with his conservative family, describes himself as liberal with tennis friends Signup and view all the answers

Identify the true statements about the five-factor theory.

People's scores on the Big Five traits can predict satisfaction with their marriages Signup and view all the answers

Classify the descriptions and examples as relating to either weak or strong situations:

Party = Weak situation Living room = Weak situation Job interview = Strong situation Funeral = Strong situation Elevator = Strong situation Restaurant = Weak situation Signup and view all the answers

Classify the traits of introverts and extraverts:

Introverts = Typically above optimal level of arousal Extroverts = Seek out new emotional experiences Signup and view all the answers

Who is associated with unconditional positive regard?

Carl Rogers Signup and view all the answers

What concept is Albert Bandura known for?

Reciprocal determinism Signup and view all the answers

Who is associated with the locus of control?

Julian Rotter Signup and view all the answers

What is Sigmund Freud known for?

Psychosexual development Signup and view all the answers

Classify the qualities as relating to either collectivist or individualist societies:

Collectivist societies = Obedience to authority Individualist societies = Pursuit of success Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are basic tendencies in personality and which are characteristic adaptations?

Traits Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Personality Traits

Openness to Experience: Reflects creativity, preference for variety, and independence. Opposed to being down-to-earth, routine-oriented, and conforming.
Extraversion: Indicates sociability and liveliness. Contrasts with being reserved, serious, and somber.
Conscientiousness: Characterizes organization and diligence. Opposed to disorganization, carelessness, and lack of self-discipline.
Agreeableness: Involves compassion and cooperativeness, contrasting with ruthlessness and distrust.
Neuroticism: Associated with emotional instability. Opposite traits include calmness, security, and self-satisfaction.

Personality Assessment Tools

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): Requires storytelling about ambiguous images to reveal underlying thoughts and feelings.
NEO Personality Inventory: A self-assessment tool where individuals rate their traits.
Rorschach Inkblot Test: Involves interpreting inkblots to explore personality and emotional functioning.
Self-Report Measures: Use questionnaires for personality assessment without delving into unconscious motives.
Projective Measures: Use ambiguous stimuli to uncover unconscious processes.

Personality Development Insights

Twin and Adoption Studies: Findings show identical twins raised apart share similar traits, while little parental influence is observed on adopted children’s personalities.
Working Self-Concept: Refers to the immediate and context-dependent perception of oneself.
Sense of Self: Encompasses identity and self-belief.
Self-Esteem: Relates to the emotional aspect of one’s self-concept.
Self-Schema: Represents a coherent set of memories and beliefs about oneself.

Situational Influences on Personality

Weak Situations: Environments that reveal personality differences, such as parties or restaurants.
Strong Situations: Settings like job interviews or funerals that suppress individuality and reveal less personality variance.

Introversion vs. Extraversion

Introverts: Prone to distraction in noisy environments, generally above their optimal arousal levels.
Extraverts: Typically under-aroused and thrive in stimulating environments, actively seeking new experiences.

Theoretical Frameworks

Carl Rogers: Advocated for unconditional positive regard in personal development.
Albert Bandura: Introduced the concept of reciprocal determinism, emphasizing the interaction of behavior, environment, and consciousness.
Julian Rotter: Developed the idea of locus of control, differentiating between internal and external belief systems.
Sigmund Freud: Focused on psychosexual development in understanding personality formation.

Cultural Perspectives on Personality

Collectivist Societies: Emphasize conformity, social connections, family ties, and obedience to authority.
Individualist Societies: Highlight diversity, self-expression, personal rights, and distinct self-concepts focused on individual success.

Five-Factor Theory

Predicts marriage satisfaction and behavior based on scores of the Big Five personality traits, establishing it as a dominant personality framework in psychology.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge of key concepts from Chapter 13 on self and personality in psychology. This quiz includes important theories such as Rotter's expectancy theory and traits related to openness to experience. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of personality psychology.