Questions and Answers
Eli seeks attention, acts first while thinking later, and prefers verbal communication. Carl Jung would describe him as a(an) ________.
Extrovert
Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?
Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.
According to Carl Jung, which of the following best served the goal of self-realization?
Which of the following clearly influenced Sigmund Freud's theory of development?
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Which of the following is not part of Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory?
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What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's second stage of psychosexual development, in which a sense of independence in many tasks develops?
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Why was Sigmund Freud trained as a medical doctor and not a psychologist?
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What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality?
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The ________ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual's clinical profile.
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Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ________.
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Who designed the first comprehensive system of constitutional psychology?
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When Fay feels anxious, she retreats to her closet with a flashlight, using the closet as a private hideaway. What coping strategy is Fay using?
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Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?
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In Carl Jung's view, the task of integrating unconscious archetypal aspects of the self is part of ________ in the second half of life.
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Which of the following is not something the theories of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow have in common?
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________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.
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The concept of ________ suggests that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs.
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The ________ uses images and storytelling that relate to Hispanic culture.
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A(an) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society.
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After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?
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Dan avoids applying to college because he doubts he can succeed. He is working a retail job, but he tends to focus on the things he does wrong. In fact, he has almost no confidence in his abilities, and when he experiences a setback at work he is ready to quit. Albert Bandura would say Dan has ________.
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Which of the following theorists is not neo-Freudian?
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What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Research suggests that there are two dimensions of our temperament that are important parts of our adult personality: interactivity and self-regulation.
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How are the principles of reciprocal determinism present in observational learning?
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Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________.
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________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.
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When Imogene feels anxiety, she clings to her mother and father for affection and reassurance. What coping strategy is Imogene using?
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Which question was central to the marshmallow test?
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Self-efficacy is ________.
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When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos using?
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Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?
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Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned: ________.
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Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. Carl Jung would call her a(an) ________.
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According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold.
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In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________.
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Which of the following is not a way we tend to think of personality? Our personalities ________.
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What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?
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The ________ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private.
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Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.
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What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Hippocrates theorized phlegmatic, the personality trait, was associated with black bile from the kidneys.
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Study Notes
Personality Theories and Concepts
- Extrovert: Carl Jung characterizes extroverts as individuals who seek attention, act impulsively, and prefer verbal communication.
- Reciprocal Determinism: A theory suggesting that behavior, cognitive processes, and situational influences interact and affect each other.
- Self-Realization: For Carl Jung, achieving a balance between extroversion and introversion is essential for self-realization.
Sigmund Freud and Development
- Sexual Repression: Sigmund Freud's development theory was heavily influenced by the climate of sexual repression during his time.
- Psychosexual Stages: Erik Erikson's second stage, "autonomy vs. shame/doubt," focuses on developing independence.
- Medical Background: Freud's training as a medical doctor was due to the absence of psychology degrees in his era.
Learning and Behavior
- Scientific Testing: Learning approaches in personality studies are valued for their ability to be scientifically tested.
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Defense Mechanisms: Examples include:
- Regression: Mike's behavior of moving back in with parents after a job rejection indicates regression.
- Denial: Ina's refusal to acknowledge her need for glasses demonstrates denial.
Personality Assessment
- MMPI: The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory consists of true/false questions to create a clinical profile.
- Myers-Briggs: The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is based on Jung's concepts of personality types.
Trait Theories
- Trait Theorists: These theorists aim to explain personality through stable characteristics and behavioral patterns.
- Two Dimensions: Hans and Sybil Eysenck proposed two main personality dimensions: extroversion/introversion and neuroticism/stability.
Genetics and Personality
- Heritability: The proportion of personality differences explained by genetics is termed heritability.
Coping Strategies
- Moving Across People: Fay retreats (moving away), Imogene seeks reassurance (moving toward), and Marcos displays aggression (moving against) when dealing with anxiety.
Self-Efficacy and Internal Locus of Control
- Low Self-Efficacy: Dan reflects low self-efficacy by doubting his success in college and job performance.
- Internal Locus of Control: Jessica demonstrates an internal locus of control by attributing her achievements to her efforts and actions.
Personality Traits and Types
- Choleric: According to Galen, choleric individuals are known for being passionate, ambitious, and bold.
- Ectomorph Personality: Characterized as anxious, artistic, and private, the ectomorph personality reflects certain emotional traits.
Key Psychological Findings
- Minnesota Study of Twins: Found that identical twins raised apart exhibit very similar personalities, highlighting the influence of genetics.
- Cognitive Processes: Involve learned beliefs and expectations that shape one's personality and behavior.
Common Misconceptions
- Mutable Personality: Personality traits are generally viewed as stable rather than mutable.
- Hippocrates' Theory: The connection between phlegmatic traits and bodily humors was inaccurately described regarding black bile and kidneys, requiring correction to white phlegm from lungs.
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Description
Test your understanding of key concepts from Chapter 11 in psychology. This pretest covers topics such as personality types, including extroversion, and the principles of reciprocal determinism. Perfect for reviewing essential theories and definitions.
