Psychology Chapter 11 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality?

They are feminist.

They are multicultural.

They use animal research.

They can be scientifically tested. (correct)

Who developed the social-cognitive theory?

Carl Rogers

Albert Bandura (correct)

Erik Erikson

Abraham Maslow

What is the term for a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar?

congruence

What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?

Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism. Signup and view all the answers

In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to?

Anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded. Signup and view all the answers

According to Galen, the ____ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold.

choleric Signup and view all the answers

If parents are too lenient in the ________ stage, the child might become messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts.

anal Signup and view all the answers

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________.

In which people are presented with ambiguous images. Signup and view all the answers

Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________.

high self-efficacy Signup and view all the answers

Why was Sigmund Freud trained as a medical doctor and not a psychologist?

There was no such thing as a degree in psychology when he received his education. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not something the theories of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow have in common?

Both theories focus on the personality formed in infancy. Signup and view all the answers

What refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next?

collective unconscious Signup and view all the answers

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? According to Sigmund Freud, unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression and childhood socialization are the forces that influence our personality.

The word 'socialization' should be changed to the word 'sexuality.' Signup and view all the answers

Julian Rotter would say that Kim has ________.

an external locus of control Signup and view all the answers

What personality type is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private?

ectomorph Signup and view all the answers

What coping strategy is Marcos using?

moving against people Signup and view all the answers

What describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics?

heritability Signup and view all the answers

Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?

Sigmund Freud Signup and view all the answers

Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli.

projective test Signup and view all the answers

According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development.

oral Signup and view all the answers

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's eighth stage of psychosocial development?

integrity vs. despair Signup and view all the answers

According to Hans and Sybil Eysenck, people have two specific personality dimensions?

extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?

Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex. Signup and view all the answers

What approach to the study of personality came about in reaction to the dominance of Western approaches?

indigenous Signup and view all the answers

Karen Horney suggested ways in which people cope with day-to-day problems. According to Horney, these strategies could ________ if used rigidly and compulsively.

become neurotic strategies Signup and view all the answers

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

denial Signup and view all the answers

In the ________ stage, there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface.

genital Signup and view all the answers

The ________ is composed of a series of true and false questions to establish an individual's clinical profile.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Signup and view all the answers

Which question was central to the marshmallow test?

Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now to get a larger reward later? Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following theorists is not neo-Freudian?

Albert Bandura Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned:

beliefs and expectations Signup and view all the answers

Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.

an internal locus of control Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a way we tend to think of personality?

Our personalities are mutable. Signup and view all the answers

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Hippocrates theorized phlegmatic, the personality trait, was associated with black bile from the kidneys.

The phrase 'black bile from the kidneys' should be changed to the phrase 'white phlegm from the lungs.' Signup and view all the answers

Which of Karen Horney's coping styles is not included?

moving with people Signup and view all the answers

Immanuel Kant used the terms persistent, steadfast, and calm to describe a ________ person.

phlegmatic Signup and view all the answers

What theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving?

trait Signup and view all the answers

Because we have developed certain response tendencies, who believed these demonstrate consistent behavior patterns?

B.F. Skinner Signup and view all the answers

Self-efficacy is?

our level of confidence in our own abilities Signup and view all the answers

A(an) locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes.

external; internal Signup and view all the answers

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is?

self-actualization Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Learning Approaches to Personality

Learning approaches can be scientifically tested, providing empirical evidence for personality theories.

Developed by Albert Bandura, highlighting the importance of observational learning and environment in shaping personality.

Congruence

A state achieved when an individual's self-concept aligns closely with their ideal self.

Behavioral Perspective

Emphasizes that personality is significantly shaped by external reinforcements and consequences.

Refers to any action that may be subject to punishment or reward.

Personality Types According to Galen

Choleric individuals are characterized as passionate, ambitious, and bold.

Developmental Stages

Leniency during the anal stage may lead to a child's disorganization and emotional outbursts.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A projective test that uses ambiguous images to reveal underlying thoughts and feelings.

High Self-Efficacy

Tammy's ability to view challenges positively and recover from setbacks demonstrates high self-efficacy, as defined by Bandura.

Freud vs. Neo-Freudians

Sigmund Freud trained as a medical doctor because psychology was not an established field during his education.

Humanistic Theories

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow share a humanistic focus but differ in their attention to personality formation in infancy.

Collective Unconscious

Refers to shared psychological traits and memories inherited across generations.

Freud's Theories

Key aspects of Freud's theories pivot around unconscious drives influenced by sexuality and childhood experiences.

Locus of Control

Kim's external locus of control leads him to attribute outcomes to external factors rather than his own actions.

Ectomorph Personality

Defined as anxious, self-conscious, and thoughtful, often exhibiting quiet and private traits.

Coping Strategies

Marcos uses a 'moving against people' strategy, demonstrating aggression in response to unhappiness.

Heritability

Describes how much of the variation in traits among individuals can be attributed to genetic differences.

Rudy's Personality Theory

Sigmund Freud is recognized as the pioneer of comprehensive personality theory.

Projective Tests

Used in psychology to uncover hidden feelings through responses to ambiguous stimuli.

Freud's Psychosexual Development

Fixations in adults may manifest through behaviors like smoking, drinking, or overeating, indicating oral stage issues.

Erikson’s Developmental Task

The eighth stage focuses on achieving integrity versus despair through life reflections.

Eysenck's Personality Dimensions

Identified two main dimensions of personality: extroversion/introversion and neuroticism/stability.

Neo-Freudians vs. Freud

Neo-Freudians shifted focus away from sex, introducing broader views on personality development.

Indigenous Approach to Personality

This approach emerged to challenge Western-centric models in the study of personality.

Neurotic Strategies

Horney warned that rigid coping styles could lead to neurotic behaviors.

Defense Mechanisms

Denial exemplified by a person refusing to acknowledge their need for glasses.

Genital Stage

Characterized by sexual reawakening as individuals redirect incestuous urges toward socially acceptable partners.

MMPI

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is utilized to create a clinical profile through true/false questions.

Marshmallow Test

Central inquiry assesses the ability to delay gratification for larger rewards later.

Theorists Overview

Albert Bandura is distinct from neo-Freudians; his focus remains on learning and behavior rather than psychoanalytic principles.

Cognitive Processes

Encompass beliefs and expectations that shape individual responses and behaviors.

Jessica's Locus of Control

Internal locus of control indicates she believes her success in school results from her efforts.

Personality Concepts

Personalities are usually viewed as stable over time, challenging the notion of mutability.

Hellenistic Theories and Traits

Hippocrates' ideas about personality traits associated with bodily humors require clarification of inaccurate associations.

Coping Styles in Anxiety

Moving with people is not recognized as one of Horney's three primary coping styles.

Personality Descriptions

The phlegmatic personality is described as persistent and calm, showcasing steadiness in behavior.

Trait Theorists

Trait theorists focus on identifying stable characteristics and behavioral patterns in individuals.

Behavior Patterns

B.F. Skinner links consistent behavior patterns to developed response tendencies over time.

Self-Efficacy

Defined as the confidence in one's abilities, influencing goal pursuit and resilience.

Locus of Control Variations

An external locus of control denotes belief in outcomes being influenced by outside forces, contrasting with an internal locus of control where individuals see themselves as in charge.

Hierarchy of Needs

According to Maslow, the highest human need is self-actualization, representing the realization of one's potential.

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Description

Test your knowledge with these flashcards from Psychology Chapter 11. This chapter covers important theories and approaches in personality psychology, including the social-cognitive theory by Albert Bandura. Challenge yourself and reinforce your understanding of these key concepts.