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Questions and Answers
What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality?
What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality?
Who developed the social-cognitive theory?
Who developed the social-cognitive theory?
What is the term for a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar?
What is the term for a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar?
congruence
What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?
What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?
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In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to?
In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to?
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According to Galen, the ____ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold.
According to Galen, the ____ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold.
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If parents are too lenient in the ________ stage, the child might become messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts.
If parents are too lenient in the ________ stage, the child might become messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts.
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The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________.
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Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________.
Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________.
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Why was Sigmund Freud trained as a medical doctor and not a psychologist?
Why was Sigmund Freud trained as a medical doctor and not a psychologist?
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Which of the following is not something the theories of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow have in common?
Which of the following is not something the theories of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow have in common?
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What refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next?
What refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next?
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What should be changed to make the following sentence true? According to Sigmund Freud, unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression and childhood socialization are the forces that influence our personality.
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? According to Sigmund Freud, unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression and childhood socialization are the forces that influence our personality.
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Julian Rotter would say that Kim has ________.
Julian Rotter would say that Kim has ________.
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What personality type is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private?
What personality type is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private?
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What coping strategy is Marcos using?
What coping strategy is Marcos using?
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What describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics?
What describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics?
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Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?
Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?
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Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli.
Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli.
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According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development.
According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development.
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What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's eighth stage of psychosocial development?
What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's eighth stage of psychosocial development?
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According to Hans and Sybil Eysenck, people have two specific personality dimensions?
According to Hans and Sybil Eysenck, people have two specific personality dimensions?
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What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?
What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?
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What approach to the study of personality came about in reaction to the dominance of Western approaches?
What approach to the study of personality came about in reaction to the dominance of Western approaches?
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Karen Horney suggested ways in which people cope with day-to-day problems. According to Horney, these strategies could ________ if used rigidly and compulsively.
Karen Horney suggested ways in which people cope with day-to-day problems. According to Horney, these strategies could ________ if used rigidly and compulsively.
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Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?
Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?
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In the ________ stage, there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface.
In the ________ stage, there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface.
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The ________ is composed of a series of true and false questions to establish an individual's clinical profile.
The ________ is composed of a series of true and false questions to establish an individual's clinical profile.
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Which question was central to the marshmallow test?
Which question was central to the marshmallow test?
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Which of the following theorists is not neo-Freudian?
Which of the following theorists is not neo-Freudian?
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Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned:
Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned:
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Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.
Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.
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Which of the following is not a way we tend to think of personality?
Which of the following is not a way we tend to think of personality?
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What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Hippocrates theorized phlegmatic, the personality trait, was associated with black bile from the kidneys.
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Hippocrates theorized phlegmatic, the personality trait, was associated with black bile from the kidneys.
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Which of Karen Horney's coping styles is not included?
Which of Karen Horney's coping styles is not included?
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Immanuel Kant used the terms persistent, steadfast, and calm to describe a ________ person.
Immanuel Kant used the terms persistent, steadfast, and calm to describe a ________ person.
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What theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving?
What theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving?
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Because we have developed certain response tendencies, who believed these demonstrate consistent behavior patterns?
Because we have developed certain response tendencies, who believed these demonstrate consistent behavior patterns?
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Self-efficacy is?
Self-efficacy is?
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A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes.
A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes.
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According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is?
According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is?
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Study Notes
Learning Approaches to Personality
- Learning approaches can be scientifically tested, providing empirical evidence for personality theories.
Social-Cognitive Theory
- Developed by Albert Bandura, highlighting the importance of observational learning and environment in shaping personality.
Congruence
- A state achieved when an individual's self-concept aligns closely with their ideal self.
Behavioral Perspective
- Emphasizes that personality is significantly shaped by external reinforcements and consequences.
Behavior in Social-Cognitive Theory
- Refers to any action that may be subject to punishment or reward.
Personality Types According to Galen
- Choleric individuals are characterized as passionate, ambitious, and bold.
Developmental Stages
- Leniency during the anal stage may lead to a child's disorganization and emotional outbursts.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
- A projective test that uses ambiguous images to reveal underlying thoughts and feelings.
High Self-Efficacy
- Tammy's ability to view challenges positively and recover from setbacks demonstrates high self-efficacy, as defined by Bandura.
Freud vs. Neo-Freudians
- Sigmund Freud trained as a medical doctor because psychology was not an established field during his education.
Humanistic Theories
- Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow share a humanistic focus but differ in their attention to personality formation in infancy.
Collective Unconscious
- Refers to shared psychological traits and memories inherited across generations.
Freud's Theories
- Key aspects of Freud's theories pivot around unconscious drives influenced by sexuality and childhood experiences.
Locus of Control
- Kim's external locus of control leads him to attribute outcomes to external factors rather than his own actions.
Ectomorph Personality
- Defined as anxious, self-conscious, and thoughtful, often exhibiting quiet and private traits.
Coping Strategies
- Marcos uses a 'moving against people' strategy, demonstrating aggression in response to unhappiness.
Heritability
- Describes how much of the variation in traits among individuals can be attributed to genetic differences.
Rudy's Personality Theory
- Sigmund Freud is recognized as the pioneer of comprehensive personality theory.
Projective Tests
- Used in psychology to uncover hidden feelings through responses to ambiguous stimuli.
Freud's Psychosexual Development
- Fixations in adults may manifest through behaviors like smoking, drinking, or overeating, indicating oral stage issues.
Erikson’s Developmental Task
- The eighth stage focuses on achieving integrity versus despair through life reflections.
Eysenck's Personality Dimensions
- Identified two main dimensions of personality: extroversion/introversion and neuroticism/stability.
Neo-Freudians vs. Freud
- Neo-Freudians shifted focus away from sex, introducing broader views on personality development.
Indigenous Approach to Personality
- This approach emerged to challenge Western-centric models in the study of personality.
Neurotic Strategies
- Horney warned that rigid coping styles could lead to neurotic behaviors.
Defense Mechanisms
- Denial exemplified by a person refusing to acknowledge their need for glasses.
Genital Stage
- Characterized by sexual reawakening as individuals redirect incestuous urges toward socially acceptable partners.
MMPI
- The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is utilized to create a clinical profile through true/false questions.
Marshmallow Test
- Central inquiry assesses the ability to delay gratification for larger rewards later.
Theorists Overview
- Albert Bandura is distinct from neo-Freudians; his focus remains on learning and behavior rather than psychoanalytic principles.
Cognitive Processes
- Encompass beliefs and expectations that shape individual responses and behaviors.
Jessica's Locus of Control
- Internal locus of control indicates she believes her success in school results from her efforts.
Personality Concepts
- Personalities are usually viewed as stable over time, challenging the notion of mutability.
Hellenistic Theories and Traits
- Hippocrates' ideas about personality traits associated with bodily humors require clarification of inaccurate associations.
Coping Styles in Anxiety
- Moving with people is not recognized as one of Horney's three primary coping styles.
Personality Descriptions
- The phlegmatic personality is described as persistent and calm, showcasing steadiness in behavior.
Trait Theorists
- Trait theorists focus on identifying stable characteristics and behavioral patterns in individuals.
Behavior Patterns
- B.F. Skinner links consistent behavior patterns to developed response tendencies over time.
Self-Efficacy
- Defined as the confidence in one's abilities, influencing goal pursuit and resilience.
Locus of Control Variations
- An external locus of control denotes belief in outcomes being influenced by outside forces, contrasting with an internal locus of control where individuals see themselves as in charge.
Hierarchy of Needs
- According to Maslow, the highest human need is self-actualization, representing the realization of one's potential.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards from Psychology Chapter 11. This chapter covers important theories and approaches in personality psychology, including the social-cognitive theory by Albert Bandura. Challenge yourself and reinforce your understanding of these key concepts.
