Psychology Chapter 10 Quiz

Questions and Answers

Preexisting groups defined by age are examined in a?

cross-sectional developmental design

What is a quasi-experimental research strategy consisting of a series of observations before and after a treatment?

time-series design

What is a developmental design comparing different groups of individuals, each representing a different age?

cross-sectional developmental research design

What is a developmental research strategy that makes a series of observations or measurements over time?

longitudinal developmental research design Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the loss of participants during the course of a research study conducted over time?

participant attrition Signup and view all the answers

What evaluation measures mean differences on the same measure for subjects measured at different times?

repeated-measures t test Signup and view all the answers

What is a nonexperimental research design used to examine the relationship between age and other variables?

developmental research design Signup and view all the answers

What occurrence happens when participants' responses are affected by participation in an earlier treatment?

testing effect Signup and view all the answers

Which design is a within-subjects design?

Time-series Signup and view all the answers

A nonequivalent groups design is characterized by?

The lack of random assignment of subjects Signup and view all the answers

A _________ research design is a research study that simply compares preexisting groups.

differential Signup and view all the answers

A posttest-only nonequivalent control group design may also be called?

Static group comparison Signup and view all the answers

What type of design is illustrated by the preceding diagram?

Pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design Signup and view all the answers

What type of design is illustrated by the diagram?

Nonexperimental pretest-posttest Signup and view all the answers

Groups of individuals who were born at roughly the same time and grew up under similar circumstances are called?

Cohorts Signup and view all the answers

A strength of the longitudinal design is that it:

Avoids cohort effects Signup and view all the answers

A strength of the cross-sectional design is that:

Long-term subject cooperation is not required Signup and view all the answers

Complete the following statement to describe the two categories of nonexperimental and quasi-experimental designs. A between-subjects nonexperimental or quasi-experimental design is called a () design, while a within-subjects nonexperimental or quasi-experimental design is called a () design.

nonequivalent groups, pre-post Signup and view all the answers

Identify the type of design being described: Lisa wants to know whether any of the stereotypes about dog and cat owners are true. She recruits a group of individuals who describe themselves as dog people and a group who describe themselves as cat people and gives both groups a personality test.

Differential Signup and view all the answers

Identify the type of design being described: Colleen is interested in preventing adolescents from ever starting to use tobacco. She assesses both groups before and after the programming.

Pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group Signup and view all the answers

Identify the type of design being described: Julie measures the children's self-esteem after an intervention and compares it to another group.

Posttest-only nonequivalent control group Signup and view all the answers

Identify the analysis that is appropriate for a pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups design with an interval or ratio outcome measure.

Two-factor mixed-design ANOVA Signup and view all the answers

Identify the analysis that is appropriate for a differential design.

T test for independent means Signup and view all the answers

Identify the analysis that is appropriate for a pretest-posttest design.

Repeated measures t test Signup and view all the answers

What is a quasi-independent variable?

differentiates the groups or conditions being compared Signup and view all the answers

Define 'cohort'.

one of multiple individuals who are of similar age and grew up under similar circumstances Signup and view all the answers

What is a cohort effect?

difference between age groups caused by characteristics or experiences other than age Signup and view all the answers

What is a nonequivalent group design?

different groups of participants are formed with no control or manipulation to create the groups by the researcher Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a differential research design?

compares preexisting groups, rather than randomly assigning individuals to groups Signup and view all the answers

What is a posttest-only nonequivalent control group design?

two groups (no treatment and treatment) are measured after treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is a differential effect?

time-related threat to internal validity that affects the groups differently Signup and view all the answers

What defines a nonequivalent control group design?

strategy in which the researcher uses preexisting groups as treatments and controls Signup and view all the answers

Define pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design.

quasi-experimental method comparing two nonequivalent groups before and after treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is a pre-post design?

quasi-experimental or nonexperimental method consisting of a series of observations made over time Signup and view all the answers

What is a pretest-posttest design?

single-group method involving one measurement before treatment and one measurement after treatment Signup and view all the answers

Define interrupted time-series design.

strategy consisting of a series of observations before and after an event Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Developmental Research Designs

Cross-sectional Design: Evaluates preexisting groups defined by age, comparing different age groups at a single point in time.
Longitudinal Design: Involves multiple observations over time, tracking the same individuals to study changes and developments.
Cohorts: Groups of individuals born around the same time and sharing similar experiences, crucial for understanding age-related changes.
Cohort Effect: Variability among age groups attributed to experiences other than age itself.

Quasi-Experimental Designs

Nonequivalent Group Design: Participants are assigned to groups without randomization, leading to potential confounding factors.
Posttest-Only Nonequivalent Control Group Design: Compares measurements from treatment and control groups after the treatment has been introduced.
Pretest-Posttest Nonequivalent Control Group Design: Two groups measured before and after treatment to gauge treatment effects, useful for controlling variables.

Research Strategies and Analyses

Differential Research Design: Compares preexisting groups based on characteristics instead of through random assignment, serving as a nonexperimental method.
Time-Series Design: Measures multiple observations before and after an event, providing insights into trends and changes over time.

Measurement and Effects

Participant Attrition: Loss of subjects during a study, particularly relevant in longitudinal research impacting results.
Testing Effect: Earlier participation can affect responses in later tests, posing a threat to internal validity.

Statistical Analysis

Repeated-Measures T Test: Examines mean differences within the same subjects over different times.
Two-Factor Mixed-Design ANOVA: Appropriate for analyzing data from pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups utilizing numerical scores.
T Test for Independent Means: Used to compare means between different groups, essential in differential designs.

Design Limitations

Individual Differences: Key challenge in nonequivalent designs, where variations between subjects can affect results.
Cohort Effects and Generational Effects: Important considerations in cross-sectional designs, where results may be influenced by the unique characteristics of age groups.

Additional Considerations

Quasi-Independent Variable: Differentiates between groups used in quasi-experimental research, impacting the interpretation of results.
Developmental Research Design Goals: Aims to analyze the impact of age on various variables, critical for understanding developmental psychology.

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Description

Test your understanding of nonexperimental and quasi-experimental strategies in psychology with this Chapter 10 quiz. It covers key concepts such as developmental designs and the analysis of preexisting groups. Perfect for psychology students looking to reinforce their knowledge.