Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is nonexperimental research?
What is nonexperimental research?
- Observation of variables as they occur naturally (correct)
- Qualitative analysis of non-structured data
- Controlled laboratory settings
- Experimental manipulation of variables
What are confounding variables?
What are confounding variables?
Variables that can affect the results when the setting isn't controlled.
Nonexperimental designs can be used in studies where:
Nonexperimental designs can be used in studies where:
- Independent variables cannot be manipulated
- It is unethical to manipulate the independent variable
- It is practically impossible to conduct experiments
- All of the above (correct)
What do nonexperimental research designs tend to be closest to?
What do nonexperimental research designs tend to be closest to?
What is a disadvantage of nonexperimental research?
What is a disadvantage of nonexperimental research?
What do nonexperimental studies compare?
What do nonexperimental studies compare?
Which of the following is NOT a type of nonexperimental research design?
Which of the following is NOT a type of nonexperimental research design?
The purpose of descriptive studies is to:
The purpose of descriptive studies is to:
How is bias prevented in descriptive research?
How is bias prevented in descriptive research?
What are univariant designs used for?
What are univariant designs used for?
What does exploratory design aim to do?
What does exploratory design aim to do?
Why is exploratory research particularly useful?
Why is exploratory research particularly useful?
What does comparative design involve?
What does comparative design involve?
What does longitudinal research design involve?
What does longitudinal research design involve?
What do correlational studies focus on?
What do correlational studies focus on?
What does the statement 'correlation does not mean cause' imply?
What does the statement 'correlation does not mean cause' imply?
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Study Notes
Nonexperimental Research
- Involves observing variables as they occur naturally without manipulation.
- Data is collected without introducing external variables, ensuring authenticity in real-life situations.
Confounding Variables
- Arise when the research setting is uncontrolled, potentially skewing results despite attempts to maintain control.
Appropriate Use of Nonexperimental Designs
- Suitable when independent variables cannot be controlled or are unethical to manipulate.
- Practical feasibility may limit the use of experimental methods.
Real-Life Application
- Nonexperimental designs closely reflect real-world scenarios, providing insights into authentic behavioral patterns.
Disadvantages
- Results lack absolute clarity and precision; relationships between dependent and independent variables can be ambiguous.
Use Cases for Nonexperimental Studies
- Ideal for comparing groups in non-random, heterogeneous samples.
- Variability among traits can impact the authenticity and generalizability of findings.
Types of Nonexperimental Research
- Descriptive design: Includes univariant, exploratory, and comparative.
- Developmental design: Features cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.
- Correlational design: Encompasses prospective and retrospective approaches.
- Epidemiological and survey research designs also fall within this category.
Descriptive Design
- Focuses on observing, describing, and documenting real-world situations as they occur.
- Can contribute to developing theories, identifying problems, justifying practices, and making judgments.
Bias Prevention Strategies
- Employ operational definitions of variables, larger sample sizes, and random sampling techniques.
- Utilize validated research tools and formal data collection methods to minimize bias.
Univariant Designs
- Aim to describe the frequency of occurrence of a phenomenon while being susceptible to human error.
Exploratory Design
- Serves to identify and describe existing phenomena when preexisting information is limited.
- Provides insights that guide subsequent research approaches, including data collection and design choices.
Comparative Design
- Involves contrasting multiple samples based on various variables, typically at a single time point.
Developmental Research Design
- Centers on examining phenomena concerning time, using cross-sectional and longitudinal methodologies.
Cross-Sectional Research Design
- Gathers data at a single point in time, providing a snapshot of a sample.
- Example: measuring public awareness of autism.
Longitudinal Research Design
- Collects data over extended periods, allowing for the observation of changes over time.
Correlational Design
- Investigates the strength of relationships between variables and their correlation, which can be positive or negative.
- Focuses on relationships without any intervention, emphasizing correlation over causation.
Prospective Designs
- Connect the present conditions to future outcomes, generally adopting a longitudinal approach.
- Example: analyzing the long-term effects of a traumatic brain injury (TBI) on academic performance.
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