Questions and Answers
Who reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines even when it was clearly incorrect?
Solomon Asch
______ is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group.
group polarization
What does Johnathon's reaction to the old man lying on the sidewalk illustrate?
the bystander effect
What best defines the Asch effect?
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The _______ effect focuses on the influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment.
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Which strategy would effectively reduce prejudice between groups?
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How does the jigsaw classroom operate?
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What is the modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus?
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What was the main task of the Solomon Asch studies?
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According to Milgram, what is the most fundamental lesson from his study of obedience?
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Why are most people likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment?
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Which branch of psychology is most concerned with how people think about, influence, and relate to one another?
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What can a company executive do to prevent groupthink?
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If Janeka picks on her mother's cooking after doing poorly on her psychology final, how might a frustration aggression theorist explain this?
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What strategy could effectively reduce racism?
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What does the bystander effect refer to?
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What is it called when one adjusts their behavior or thinking toward a group standard?
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In March of 1964, during the fatal attack on Kitty Genovese, out of 38 people who observed the attack, ________ called 911.
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Asch's studies showed that overall conformity to group pressure occurred about ______ of the time.
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What did researchers find after the prisoners staged a revolt in Zimbardo's prison study?
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Study Notes
Conformity and Group Dynamics
- Solomon Asch demonstrated that individuals often conform to a group's incorrect judgment regarding line lengths, showing the power of social influence.
- Group polarization occurs when discussions within a group strengthen original attitudes, leading to more extreme positions.
- The Asch effect refers to the influence of the majority on an individual's judgment, particularly in ambiguous situations.
Bystander Effect
- The bystander effect illustrates a phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help a victim when others are present, as demonstrated by Johnathon's observation of a man in need.
- In a notable case, Kitty Genovese was attacked while 38 witnesses did not call for help, highlighting the chilling effect of the bystander effect.
Obedience and Authority
- Milgram's studies on obedience revealed that ordinary people can commit harmful acts when instructed by authority figures, indicating a troubling aspect of human nature.
- Most people underestimated the willingness of "teachers" to comply with orders in Milgram's initial experiments.
Group Behavior and Psychology
- Social psychology is the branch concerned with how people think about and interact with one another, focusing on group dynamics and influence.
- Groupthink occurs when individuals modify their opinions to align with perceived group consensus, often leading to poor decision-making.
- Techniques like inviting diverse opinions or employing the jigsaw classroom method, where students share information to solve problems, can reduce groupthink and improve collaboration.
Prejudice, Racism, and Aggression
- Effective strategies to reduce prejudice include fostering cooperation among groups under equal conditions, which promotes understanding.
- Teaching children independent thinking and challenging societal norms can help combat racism.
- Frustration-aggression theory suggests that frustration in one context, such as performing poorly on an exam, can lead to targeted aggression in another context, as seen with Janeka's behavior towards her mother.
Experimental Findings
- Asch's research indicated that about one-third of participants conformed to group pressures.
- Zimbardo's prison experiment showed that the roles of guards led to increased aggression when prisoners attempted to rebel, raising ethical concerns about situational influences on behavior.
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Description
Explore key concepts from Chapter 10 of Psychology with these flashcards. This chapter delves into the dynamics of conformity, group polarization, and social influences on behavior. Test your knowledge and enhance your understanding of these crucial psychological principles.