Psychology Chapter 1: Tests and History

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a psychometric aspect of a test?

Standardization
Validity
Reliability
Cost-effectiveness (correct)

Standardization ensures that test results are interpreted consistently, regardless of who administers the test.

True (A)

What is the difference between reliability and validity in psychological testing?

Reliability refers to the consistency of test results over time or internally within itself, while validity indicates how accurately a test measures what it claims to measure.

The difference between an observed score and a true score is attributed to ______.

measurement error Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can contribute to bias in psychological testing?

Test fairness (C) Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions:

Reliability = The extent to which a test consistently measures what it is supposed to measure over time. Validity = The degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure. Standardization = Procedures for administering, scoring, and interpreting tests that are consistent across all test takers. Norms = A set of standards used to compare an individual's test score to a larger group of people. Signup and view all the answers

Computer-assisted psychological assessment (CAPA) can help reduce the time it takes to score and interpret tests.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Provide one example of how cultural factors can influence the validity of psychological test results.

Different cultures may have different interpretations of concepts or behaviors assessed by the test, leading to inaccurate results. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of classical test theory (CTT)?

Understanding and improving the reliability of psychological tests (A) Signup and view all the answers

Generalizability theory considers only one source of potential error in test scores.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between classical test theory (CTT) and generalizability theory?

Generalizability theory considers multiple sources of potential error in test scores, unlike CTT, which focuses on a single error score. Signup and view all the answers

Item response theory primarily focuses on how well individual ______ perform on a test.

items Signup and view all the answers

Match the following validity types with their corresponding descriptions:

Face Validity = The extent to which a test appears to measure what it is intended to measure. Content Validity = The extent to which a test covers all relevant aspects of the construct it is designed to measure. Criterion Validity = The extent to which a test score correlates with other measures of the same construct or with real-world outcomes. Construct Validity = The extent to which a test measures the underlying theoretical construct it is designed to measure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Norm-Referenced Tests (NRTs)?

To compare an individual's performance to a normative group (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of criterion validity?

Convergent Validity (C) Signup and view all the answers

Criterion-Referenced Tests (CRTs) focus on an individual's performance in relation to a normative group.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Factor analysis is a data reduction technique that is often used to establish construct validity.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary contribution of Francis Galton to the field of psychology?

Galton's contributions include his early work in measuring mental abilities, his emphasis on hereditary influences on intelligence, and his development of statistical methods like correlation and regression. Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a Norm-Referenced Test.

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-4) Signup and view all the answers

A criterion-referenced test measures whether an individual has achieved _________ objectives.

specific learning Signup and view all the answers

Match the test types with their definitions:

Norm-Referenced Test = Compares performance to normative group Criterion-Referenced Test = Measures achievement of specific objectives Standard Scores = Scores reported in relation to a normative group's performance Pass/Fail = Common reporting method for CRTs Signup and view all the answers

What is a Z score used for in statistics?

To indicate the deviation from the mean in terms of standard deviations (A) Signup and view all the answers

A negative skew indicates that the tail of the distribution is on the right side.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

List one advantage and one disadvantage of using standard scores.

Advantage: Allows for easy comparison of scores across different tests; Disadvantage: May not accurately represent individual performance if the test is not normed properly. Signup and view all the answers

The measure of central tendency that represents the middle value in a data set is called the __________.

median Signup and view all the answers

Match the following measures of variability with their definitions:

Range = Difference between the highest and lowest values Variance = Average of the squared differences from the mean Standard Deviation = Square root of variance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tests requires a high degree of expertise in administration and interpretation?

WISC-v (D) Signup and view all the answers

An individual with a bachelor's degree in education is qualified to administer clinical tests.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Name one type of psychological test that assesses cognitive ability.

Cognitive Ability and Intelligence Tests Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is a psychological test that measures personality.

MMPI-3 Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the test's framework refers to the subject matter of the test?

Content (A) Signup and view all the answers

Administration of tests always requires the presence of a trained test administrator.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary purpose of scoring and interpretation in psychological testing?

To evaluate the test taker's responses and derive conclusions. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of psychological tests with their descriptions:

Personality tests = Assess individual character traits Neuropsychological tests = Evaluate brain function Achievement tests = Measure knowledge in specific areas Aptitude tests = Predict future performance in various tasks Signup and view all the answers

What does effect size indicate in research outcomes?

Practical significance (A) Signup and view all the answers

Cronbach’s alpha can be used to measure test validity.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for observed score in relation to true score and error?

X = T + E Signup and view all the answers

The technique used to reduce a large number of variables into fewer numbers of factors is called __________.

factor analysis Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of reliability with their descriptions:

Test-retest = Tests given to the same subjects at different times Parallel forms = Equal means and variances of observed test scores Internal consistency = Measures the reliability within a test Inter-rater reliability = Agreement between different scorers or judges Signup and view all the answers

Which source of test error refers to the difference between the observed score and the true score?

Error (E) (D) Signup and view all the answers

The split-half method measures the consistency by correlating two halves of a single test administered multiple times.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What statistical measure is used to determine the degree of consistency among scorers?

Kappa (k) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Test User Qualifications

Professionals eligible to interpret test results typically have a degree in psychology or related fields.

Level C Tests

Advanced qualification tests requiring expertise in administration, scoring, and clinical use.