Psychology Chapter 1 Test
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Questions and Answers

Who is considered the father of modern psychology?

  • William James
  • Sigmund Freud
  • Sir Francis Galton
  • Wilhelm Wundt (correct)

    • Who is known for examining the goals and purposes of behaviors?

  • B.F. Skinner
  • Ivan Pavlov
  • Abraham Maslow
  • William James (correct)

    • What did Sir Francis Galton believe accounted for our personality?

    Genetics

    Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?

    <p>Sigmund Freud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Mary Calkins known for?

    <p>Tutored by William James; rejected by Harvard; President of the APA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is best known for experiments on dogs?

    <p>Ivan Pavlov</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What idea did B.F. Skinner propose?

    <p>Reinforcements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach to psychology did Abraham Maslow develop?

    <p>Humanistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known as a French cognitive psychologist?

    <p>Jean Piaget</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach did Max Wertheimer and Kurt Koffka develop?

    <p>Gestalt psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Traci gets good grades because her parents give her $5 for every A. This is an example of ______.

    <p>Behaviorism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frank lies to his friends because he wants them to like him. This is an example of ______.

    <p>Humanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jack becomes depressed because he keeps telling himself 'Nobody likes me.' This is an example of ______.

    <p>Cognitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Marci's unconscious resentment toward her mother leads her to be rude to all adult women. This is an example of ______.

    <p>Psychoanalytic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wayne quits his job because he can't get along with his Puerto Rican boss. This is an example of ______.

    <p>Sociocultural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lucy constantly picks on Charlie Brown, which causes adrenalin to be released in her body, which then affects her ability to control her temper. This is an example of ______.

    <p>Biological/Neurobiological</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances?

    <p>Clinical psychologist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who usually helps people deal with problems of everyday life?

    <p>Counseling psychologist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who studies changes that occur as people get older?

    <p>Developmental psychologist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who works primarily in mental health to social welfare agencies?

    <p>Community psychologist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is employed in companies trying to improve working conditions?

    <p>Industrial psychologist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who works in legal, court, and correctional systems?

    <p>Forensic psychologist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who works in business settings or within government to study the effects of the environment on people?

    <p>Environmental psychologist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best definition of psychology?

    <p>The scientific study of mental processes and behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of psychologist uses information about sleeping patterns and aging to prescribe tips on sleeping better?

    <p>Applied psychologist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Introspection refers to the process of ______.

    <p>Looking into oneself and reporting sensations and emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Freud, what are three reasons our behavior is motivated by?

    <ol> <li>Sexual and aggressive impulses 2. Unconscious conflicts 3. Childhood experiences</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main purpose of Freud's psychoanalysis?

    <p>To bring buried impulses to the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are three things the sociocultural approach states that behavior is influenced by?

    <ol> <li>The rules of one's social group 2. One's ethnic and racial background 3. One's religious background</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    The divisions of the APA represent different specialties in what?

    <p>Psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to behaviorists, free will does not really exist at any age or under any situation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carl Rogers (humanist) would agree with the statement 'Sarah felt sad because _____'.

    <p>She has less potential than others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most popular areas of psychology are counseling and clinical.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychology involves the study of animals and humans.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gestalt psychology emphasizes that perception is more than the sum of its parts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Medical professionals who treat people with disturbed behaviors are psychologists.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Experimental psychologists often work in university laboratory situations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Use two psychological approaches to explain Judy's behavior regarding her poor grades.

    <p>Humanistic: She felt she did not reach her full potential and blamed herself which drops her self-esteem; Cognitive: Conversations in her head get worse (about parents' divorce) which results in lower grades than before.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Use two psychological approaches to explain Sue's behavior as a new foreign exchange student.

    <p>Sociocultural: She is in a different socio-class and ethnicity than others, which makes her feel isolated; Cognitive: She thinks others don't like her because she is different, leading to negative self-perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the first philosopher to make a connection between mind and body?

    <p>René Descartes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Key Figures in Psychology

    • Wilhelm Wundt: Known as the father of modern psychology; foundational structuralist.
    • William James: Father of American psychology; functionalist focused on the purposes of behavior.
    • Sir Francis Galton: Pioneer in the study of genetics; believed genetics influenced personality.
    • Sigmund Freud: Established the first comprehensive theory of personality; known as a psychoanalyst.
    • Mary Calkins: Studied under William James; first female president of the American Psychological Association; faced rejection from Harvard.
    • Ivan Pavlov: Renowned behaviorist; famous for classical conditioning experiments with dogs.
    • B.F. Skinner: Behaviorist known for developing the concept of reinforcement in behavioral psychology.
    • Abraham Maslow: Creator of the Humanistic approach; developed the hierarchy of needs.
    • Jean Piaget: French cognitive psychologist; theorized personality develops through four stages in childhood.
    • Max Wertheimer & Kurt Koffka: Founders of Gestalt psychology in Germany, emphasizing holistic perception.

    Psychological Approaches

    • Behaviorism: Focuses on observable behavior and reinforcement; exemplified by incentives for good performance, like grades in exchange for money.
    • Humanistic Psychology: Emphasizes individual potential and self-actualization; behavior influenced by self-perception and desires for acceptance.
    • Cognitive Psychology: Addresses mental processes; negative self-talk can lead to depression.
    • Psychoanalytic Theory: Views behavior as influenced by unconscious motives and childhood experiences; unresolved conflicts may manifest in interpersonal issues.
    • Sociocultural Psychology: Examines behavior through the lens of societal and cultural influences; experiences of discrimination impact personal relationships.
    • Biological/Neurobiological Psychology: Explores the physiological basis of behavior; stress and adrenaline influence temper and control.

    Types of Psychologists

    • Clinical Psychologist: Focuses on diagnosing and treating emotional disturbances.
    • Counseling Psychologist: Assists individuals in managing everyday problems and life transitions.
    • Developmental Psychologist: Investigates psychological changes across the lifespan.
    • Community Psychologist: Engages with mental health initiatives in social welfare settings.
    • Industrial Psychologist: Works within organizations to enhance working conditions and productivity.
    • Forensic Psychologist: Applies psychological principles in legal contexts and the justice system.
    • Environmental Psychologist: Studies the impact of environmental factors on individuals in business and government sectors.

    Concepts in Psychology

    • Introspection: A method involving self-examination of thoughts and feelings.
    • Freud’s Motivations: Behavior is driven by sexual/aggressive impulses, unconscious conflicts, and childhood experiences.
    • Purpose of Psychoanalysis: Aims to uncover repressed impulses to foster self-awareness.
    • Sociocultural Influences: Behavior is shaped by social norms, ethnicity, and religious factors.
    • Free Will: According to behaviorists, true free will does not exist in any context.

    True/False Insights

    • Many psychology students find counseling and clinical psychology to be the most popular areas.
    • Psychology encompasses the study of both animals and humans.
    • Gestalt psychology contrasts behaviorism by highlighting that perception involves more than summation of individual parts.
    • Medical professionals who address disturbed behaviors are often psychiatrists, not psychologists.
    • Experimental psychologists frequently conduct research in university labs.

    Application of Psychological Theories

    • The case of Judy: Her behavioral decline due to parental divorce can be understood through humanistic views of unmet potential and cognitive interpretations of her situation affecting her performance.
    • The case of Sue: Her struggles in an American school demonstrate sociocultural challenges related to ethnicity and language barriers, along with cognitive self-perceptions leading to withdrawal.

    Historic Connection

    • René Descartes: Credited for being the first philosopher to relate the mind and body, paving the way for dualistic interpretations in psychology.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of key figures in psychology with this Chapter 1 flashcard quiz. Explore the foundational concepts introduced by pioneers like Wilhelm Wundt, William James, and Sigmund Freud. Perfect for students wanting to grasp the basics of modern psychology.

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