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Psychology Chapter 1 Review
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Psychology Chapter 1 Review

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Questions and Answers

What is the term for a qualitative research method where behavior is studied in natural settings without intervention or manipulation?

  • Laboratory Observation
  • Ethnographic Study
  • Naturalistic Observation (correct)
  • Participant Observation

    • Observer Bias refers to researcher preferences that intentionally influence their findings.

    False

    What is the scientific term for the genetic makeup of a person?

    Genotype

    The entire pool of individuals under study from which a sample is drawn is called ____________.

    <p>Population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of 'Individualistic Culture'?

    <p>Culture that prioritizes personal goals ahead of collective goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define 'Social Construction'.

    <p>Social Construction is a concept or practice that may appear natural and obvious to those who accept it but is actually an invention of a particular culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Piaget's cognitive-stage theory, children's cognitive development advances in four stages involving qualitatively distinct types of mental operations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ is Piaget's term for adjustment to new information about the environment, achieved through processes of assimilation and accommodation.

    <p>Adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following learning theories with their descriptions:

    <p>Operant Conditioning = Learning based on reinforcement or punishment. Classical Conditioning = Learning based on associating a stimulus with a response. Social Learning Theory = Theory that behaviors are learned by observing and imitating models.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a pandemic?

    <p>An epidemic or disease spread across multiple countries or continents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Coronaviruses cause the common cold, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and COVID-19.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define 'Neurons'.

    <p>Nerve cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ is the ability to perceive objects and surfaces three dimensionally.

    <p>Depth Perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following emotional attachment patterns with their descriptions:

    <p>Secure Attachment = Infant quickly obtains comfort from attachment figure Avoidant Attachment = Infant rarely cries when separated from primary caregiver Ambivalent (Resistant) Attachment = Infant becomes anxious before caregiver leaves and seeks/resists contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define the term 'Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment'.

    <p>Pattern in which an infant, after separation from the primary caregiver, shows contradictory, repetitious, or misdirected behaviors on their return.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of 'Self-Conscious Emotions'?

    <p>Emotions that depend on self-awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anticipatory Smiling is when an infant smiles at an object and then gazes at an adult while still smiling.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Night Terrors typically occur in ______ children.

    <p>young</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Enuresis = Repeated urination in clothing or in bed. Gross Motor Skills = Physical skills involving large muscles. Fine Motor Skills = Physical skills involving small muscles and eye-hand coordination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of death and dying called?

    <p>Thanatology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parenting style emphasizes control and obedience?

    <p>Authoritarian Parenting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Good Death is a death that is prolonged, painful, and devoid of dignity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Artistic individuals enjoy expressing themselves through ______ tasks.

    <p>unstructured</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of grief with their descriptions:

    <p>DENIAL, ANGER, BARGAINING, DEPRESSION, ACCEPTANCE = Elizabeth Kubler-Ross's five phases of grief Swift, painless, and surrounded by loved ones = Good Death Designed to relieve pain and suffering = Palliative Care Medical care to minimize suffering in the last days of life = Hospice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Piaget's term 'Animism' refer to?

    <p>Tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe Piaget's theory that young children focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others?

    <p>Centration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with the Avoidant Attachment Style distance themselves from their partners.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___ Play involves repetitive large muscular movements.

    <p>Functional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the play type with its description:

    <p>Dramatic Play = Play involving imaginary people or situations Constructive Play = Play involving use of objects or materials to make something</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the deliberate act of terminating the life of a suffering person?

    <p>Inactive Euthanasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does DNR stand for in the context of medical intervention for terminally ill patients?

    <p>Do Not Resuscitate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emotional Intelligence (IE) involves correctly identifying and differentiating between emotions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ vs Isolation is the sixth stage of Erikson's theory, representing the major psychosocial task for young adults.

    <p>Intimacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Bereavement = The sense of loss following a death Grief = An individual's emotional response to loss Mourning = Ceremonies and behaviors for the bereaved Life Span Construct = Unified sense of past, present, and future based on personal experience Possible Selves = Representations of what one could become</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Human Development

    • Scientific study of human development: focuses on change and stability throughout the human lifespan
    • Life-span development: concept of human development as a lifelong process that can be studied scientifically

    Human Developmental Theories

    • Psychosocial development: pattern of change in emotions, personality, and social relationships
      • Erikson's eight-stage theory: socially and culturally influenced process of development of the ego or self
    • Cognitive development: pattern of change in mental abilities, such as learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, and creativity
    • Psychoanalytic perspective: view of human development as shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior

    Learning and Development

    • Classical conditioning: learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit a response
    • Operant conditioning: learning based on the association of behavior with its consequences
    • Social learning theory: behaviors are learned by observing and imitating models
    • Reciprocal determinism: bidirectional forces that affect development

    Research Methods

    • Quantitative research: deals with objectively measurable data
    • Qualitative research: focuses on nonnumerical data, such as subjective experiences, feelings, or beliefs
    • Random selection: selection of a sample in such a way that every individual in the population has an equal and independent chance of being chosen
    • Random assignment: assignment of participants in an experiment to groups in such a way that each person has an equal chance of being placed in any group

    Genetics

    • Genotype: genetic makeup of a person, containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics
    • Multifactorial transmission: combination of genetic and environmental factors to produce certain complex traits
    • Epigenesis: mechanism that turns genes on or off and determines functions of body cells
    • Genetic counseling: clinical service that advises prospective parents of their probable risk of having children with hereditary defects

    Heredity and Environment

    • Heritability: statistical estimate of the contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population
    • Reaction range: potential variability in the expression of a hereditary trait depending on environmental conditions
    • Canalization: limitation on variance of expression of certain inherited characteristics
    • Genotype-environment interaction: the portion of phenotypic variation that results from the reactions of genetically different individuals to similar environmental conditions### Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Pregnancy lasts from the first day of an expectant mother’s last menstrual cycle to birth
    • Cephalocaudal Principle: development proceeds in a head-to-tail direction
    • Proximodistal Principle: development proceeds from within to without
    • Germinal Stage: first 2 weeks of prenatal development, characterized by rapid cell division, blastocyst formation, and implantation in the uterus
    • Embryonic Stage: 2-8 weeks, characterized by rapid growth and development of major body systems and organs
    • Fetal Stage: final stage of gestation (from 8 weeks to birth), characterized by increased differentiation of body parts and greatly enlarged body size
    • Neonatal Period: first 4 weeks of life, a time of transition from intrauterine dependency to independent existence
    • Neonate: newborn baby, up to 4 weeks old

    Developmental Abnormalities

    • Teratogen: environmental agent that can interfere with normal prenatal development and cause developmental abnormalities
    • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): combination of mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities affecting offspring of women who drink heavily during pregnancy
    • Low-Birth-Weight Babies (LBW): weight of less than 5½ pounds (2500 grams) at birth due to prematurity or being small-for-date
    • Small-For-Date (Small-For Gestational Age) Infants: infants whose birth weight is less than 90% of babies of the same gestational age, as a result of slow fetal growth
    • Postmature: fetus not yet born as of 2 weeks after the due date or 42 weeks after the mother’s last menstrual period
    • Stillbirth: death of a fetus at or after the 20th week of gestation

    Brain Development

    • Central Nervous System: brain and spinal cord
    • Lateralization: tendency of each of the brain’s hemispheres to have specialized functions
    • Neurons: nerve cells
    • Integration: process by which neurons coordinate the activities of muscle groups
    • Differentiation: process by which cells acquire specialized structures and functions
    • Cell Death: normal elimination of excess brain cells to achieve more efficient functioning
    • Myelination: coating neural pathways with a fatty substance called myelin, enabling faster communication between cells
    • Reflex Behaviors: automatic, involuntary, innate responses to stimulation
    • Plasticity: modifiability of the brain through experience

    Cognitive Development

    • Sensorimotor Stage: Piaget’s first stage in cognitive development, in which infants learn through senses and motor activity
    • Object Permanence: understanding that a person or object still exists when out of sight
    • Deferred Imitation: reproduction of an observed behavior after the passage of time by calling up a stored symbol of it
    • Habituation: type of learning in which familiarity with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a response
    • Dishabituation: increase in responsiveness after presentation of a new stimulus
    • Violation-Of-Expectations: research method in which dishabituation to a stimulus that conflicts with experience is taken as evidence that an infant recognizes the new stimulus as surprising

    Language Development

    • Language Acquisition Device (LAD): in Chomsky’s terminology, an inborn mechanism that enables children to infer linguistic rules from the language they hear
    • Prelinguistic Speech: forerunner of linguistic speech; includes crying, cooing, babbling, and accidental and deliberate imitation of sounds without understanding their meaning
    • Linguistic Speech: verbal expression designed to convey meaning
    • Telegraphic Speech: early form of sentence use consisting of only a few essential words
    • Code Mixing: use of elements of two languages, sometimes in the same utterance, by young children in households where both languages are spoken
    • Code Switching: changing one’s speech to match the situation, as in people who are bilingual### Child Development and Psychology
    • Committed Compliance: wholehearted obedience of a parent's orders without reminders or lapses.
    • Strange Situation: a laboratory technique used to study infant attachment.

    Human Brain Development

    • Corpus Callosum: connects the brain's left and right hemispheres, thickens in adolescence, and improves adolescents' ability to process information.
    • Prefrontal Cortex: involved in reasoning, decision making, and self-control; doesn't finish maturing until emerging adulthood (18-25 years).
    • The Limbic System: the seat of emotions, matures much earlier than the prefrontal cortex, and is almost completely developed in early adolescence.

    Abuse and Neglect

    • Physical Abuse: action taken deliberately to endanger another person, involving potential bodily injury.
    • Neglect: failure to meet a dependent's basic needs.
    • Sexual Abuse: physically or psychologically harmful sexual activity involving a child and an older person.
    • Emotional Maltreatment: rejection, terrorization, isolation, exploitation, degradation, ridicule, or failure to provide emotional support, love, and affection.

    Adolescent Development

    • Adolescent Sexuality: a time of sexual exploration and experimentation, incorporating sexuality into one's identity.
    • Developing a Sexual Identity: mastering emerging sexual feelings and forming a sense of sexual identity, a lengthy process.
    • Dual-Processing Model: humans have two distinct networks for processing information.
    • Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning: Piaget's formal operational concept, where adolescents develop hypotheses to solve problems.

    Cognitive Development

    • Executive Function: an umbrella concept consisting of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the development of the prefrontal cortex.
    • Metacognition: thinking about thinking, or awareness of one's own mental processes.
    • Metamemory: understanding of memory processes.

    Memory and Learning

    • Sensory Memory: initial, brief, temporary storage of sensory information.
    • Working Memory: short-term storage of information being actively processed.
    • Long-Term Memory: storage of virtually unlimited capacity that holds information for long periods.
    • Recognition: ability to identify a previously encountered stimulus.
    • Recall: ability to reproduce material from memory.
    • Episodic Memory: long-term memory of specific experiences or events, linked to time and place.

    Emerging Adulthood

    • Emerging Adulthood: the transition from adolescence to adulthood (approximately 18-25 years), characterized by experimentation and exploration.
    • Instability: residential changes peak during early adulthood, a time of instability in love, work, and education.
    • Identity Exploration: especially in love and work, emerging adulthood is a time of key changes in identity.

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    Review questions for Chapter 1 of a Psychology course, covering topics such as human development and cultural influences.

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