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Questions and Answers
What is the term for a qualitative research method where behavior is studied in natural settings without intervention or manipulation?
What is the term for a qualitative research method where behavior is studied in natural settings without intervention or manipulation?
Observer Bias refers to researcher preferences that intentionally influence their findings.
Observer Bias refers to researcher preferences that intentionally influence their findings.
False
What is the scientific term for the genetic makeup of a person?
What is the scientific term for the genetic makeup of a person?
Genotype
The entire pool of individuals under study from which a sample is drawn is called ____________.
The entire pool of individuals under study from which a sample is drawn is called ____________.
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What is the definition of 'Individualistic Culture'?
What is the definition of 'Individualistic Culture'?
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Define 'Social Construction'.
Define 'Social Construction'.
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According to Piaget's cognitive-stage theory, children's cognitive development advances in four stages involving qualitatively distinct types of mental operations.
According to Piaget's cognitive-stage theory, children's cognitive development advances in four stages involving qualitatively distinct types of mental operations.
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_____ is Piaget's term for adjustment to new information about the environment, achieved through processes of assimilation and accommodation.
_____ is Piaget's term for adjustment to new information about the environment, achieved through processes of assimilation and accommodation.
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Match the following learning theories with their descriptions:
Match the following learning theories with their descriptions:
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What is the definition of a pandemic?
What is the definition of a pandemic?
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Coronaviruses cause the common cold, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and COVID-19.
Coronaviruses cause the common cold, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and COVID-19.
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Define 'Neurons'.
Define 'Neurons'.
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_______ is the ability to perceive objects and surfaces three dimensionally.
_______ is the ability to perceive objects and surfaces three dimensionally.
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Match the following emotional attachment patterns with their descriptions:
Match the following emotional attachment patterns with their descriptions:
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Define the term 'Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment'.
Define the term 'Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment'.
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What is the significance of 'Self-Conscious Emotions'?
What is the significance of 'Self-Conscious Emotions'?
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Anticipatory Smiling is when an infant smiles at an object and then gazes at an adult while still smiling.
Anticipatory Smiling is when an infant smiles at an object and then gazes at an adult while still smiling.
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Night Terrors typically occur in ______ children.
Night Terrors typically occur in ______ children.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What is the study of death and dying called?
What is the study of death and dying called?
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Which parenting style emphasizes control and obedience?
Which parenting style emphasizes control and obedience?
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Good Death is a death that is prolonged, painful, and devoid of dignity.
Good Death is a death that is prolonged, painful, and devoid of dignity.
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Artistic individuals enjoy expressing themselves through ______ tasks.
Artistic individuals enjoy expressing themselves through ______ tasks.
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Match the following stages of grief with their descriptions:
Match the following stages of grief with their descriptions:
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What does Piaget's term 'Animism' refer to?
What does Piaget's term 'Animism' refer to?
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What is the term used to describe Piaget's theory that young children focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others?
What is the term used to describe Piaget's theory that young children focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others?
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Individuals with the Avoidant Attachment Style distance themselves from their partners.
Individuals with the Avoidant Attachment Style distance themselves from their partners.
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___ Play involves repetitive large muscular movements.
___ Play involves repetitive large muscular movements.
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Match the play type with its description:
Match the play type with its description:
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What is the term for the deliberate act of terminating the life of a suffering person?
What is the term for the deliberate act of terminating the life of a suffering person?
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What does DNR stand for in the context of medical intervention for terminally ill patients?
What does DNR stand for in the context of medical intervention for terminally ill patients?
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Emotional Intelligence (IE) involves correctly identifying and differentiating between emotions.
Emotional Intelligence (IE) involves correctly identifying and differentiating between emotions.
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____ vs Isolation is the sixth stage of Erikson's theory, representing the major psychosocial task for young adults.
____ vs Isolation is the sixth stage of Erikson's theory, representing the major psychosocial task for young adults.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Study Notes
Human Development
- Scientific study of human development: focuses on change and stability throughout the human lifespan
- Life-span development: concept of human development as a lifelong process that can be studied scientifically
Human Developmental Theories
- Psychosocial development: pattern of change in emotions, personality, and social relationships
- Erikson's eight-stage theory: socially and culturally influenced process of development of the ego or self
- Cognitive development: pattern of change in mental abilities, such as learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, and creativity
- Psychoanalytic perspective: view of human development as shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior
Learning and Development
- Classical conditioning: learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit a response
- Operant conditioning: learning based on the association of behavior with its consequences
- Social learning theory: behaviors are learned by observing and imitating models
- Reciprocal determinism: bidirectional forces that affect development
Research Methods
- Quantitative research: deals with objectively measurable data
- Qualitative research: focuses on nonnumerical data, such as subjective experiences, feelings, or beliefs
- Random selection: selection of a sample in such a way that every individual in the population has an equal and independent chance of being chosen
- Random assignment: assignment of participants in an experiment to groups in such a way that each person has an equal chance of being placed in any group
Genetics
- Genotype: genetic makeup of a person, containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics
- Multifactorial transmission: combination of genetic and environmental factors to produce certain complex traits
- Epigenesis: mechanism that turns genes on or off and determines functions of body cells
- Genetic counseling: clinical service that advises prospective parents of their probable risk of having children with hereditary defects
Heredity and Environment
- Heritability: statistical estimate of the contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population
- Reaction range: potential variability in the expression of a hereditary trait depending on environmental conditions
- Canalization: limitation on variance of expression of certain inherited characteristics
- Genotype-environment interaction: the portion of phenotypic variation that results from the reactions of genetically different individuals to similar environmental conditions### Pregnancy and Childbirth
- Pregnancy lasts from the first day of an expectant mother’s last menstrual cycle to birth
- Cephalocaudal Principle: development proceeds in a head-to-tail direction
- Proximodistal Principle: development proceeds from within to without
- Germinal Stage: first 2 weeks of prenatal development, characterized by rapid cell division, blastocyst formation, and implantation in the uterus
- Embryonic Stage: 2-8 weeks, characterized by rapid growth and development of major body systems and organs
- Fetal Stage: final stage of gestation (from 8 weeks to birth), characterized by increased differentiation of body parts and greatly enlarged body size
- Neonatal Period: first 4 weeks of life, a time of transition from intrauterine dependency to independent existence
- Neonate: newborn baby, up to 4 weeks old
Developmental Abnormalities
- Teratogen: environmental agent that can interfere with normal prenatal development and cause developmental abnormalities
- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): combination of mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities affecting offspring of women who drink heavily during pregnancy
- Low-Birth-Weight Babies (LBW): weight of less than 5½ pounds (2500 grams) at birth due to prematurity or being small-for-date
- Small-For-Date (Small-For Gestational Age) Infants: infants whose birth weight is less than 90% of babies of the same gestational age, as a result of slow fetal growth
- Postmature: fetus not yet born as of 2 weeks after the due date or 42 weeks after the mother’s last menstrual period
- Stillbirth: death of a fetus at or after the 20th week of gestation
Brain Development
- Central Nervous System: brain and spinal cord
- Lateralization: tendency of each of the brain’s hemispheres to have specialized functions
- Neurons: nerve cells
- Integration: process by which neurons coordinate the activities of muscle groups
- Differentiation: process by which cells acquire specialized structures and functions
- Cell Death: normal elimination of excess brain cells to achieve more efficient functioning
- Myelination: coating neural pathways with a fatty substance called myelin, enabling faster communication between cells
- Reflex Behaviors: automatic, involuntary, innate responses to stimulation
- Plasticity: modifiability of the brain through experience
Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor Stage: Piaget’s first stage in cognitive development, in which infants learn through senses and motor activity
- Object Permanence: understanding that a person or object still exists when out of sight
- Deferred Imitation: reproduction of an observed behavior after the passage of time by calling up a stored symbol of it
- Habituation: type of learning in which familiarity with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a response
- Dishabituation: increase in responsiveness after presentation of a new stimulus
- Violation-Of-Expectations: research method in which dishabituation to a stimulus that conflicts with experience is taken as evidence that an infant recognizes the new stimulus as surprising
Language Development
- Language Acquisition Device (LAD): in Chomsky’s terminology, an inborn mechanism that enables children to infer linguistic rules from the language they hear
- Prelinguistic Speech: forerunner of linguistic speech; includes crying, cooing, babbling, and accidental and deliberate imitation of sounds without understanding their meaning
- Linguistic Speech: verbal expression designed to convey meaning
- Telegraphic Speech: early form of sentence use consisting of only a few essential words
- Code Mixing: use of elements of two languages, sometimes in the same utterance, by young children in households where both languages are spoken
- Code Switching: changing one’s speech to match the situation, as in people who are bilingual### Child Development and Psychology
- Committed Compliance: wholehearted obedience of a parent's orders without reminders or lapses.
- Strange Situation: a laboratory technique used to study infant attachment.
Human Brain Development
- Corpus Callosum: connects the brain's left and right hemispheres, thickens in adolescence, and improves adolescents' ability to process information.
- Prefrontal Cortex: involved in reasoning, decision making, and self-control; doesn't finish maturing until emerging adulthood (18-25 years).
- The Limbic System: the seat of emotions, matures much earlier than the prefrontal cortex, and is almost completely developed in early adolescence.
Abuse and Neglect
- Physical Abuse: action taken deliberately to endanger another person, involving potential bodily injury.
- Neglect: failure to meet a dependent's basic needs.
- Sexual Abuse: physically or psychologically harmful sexual activity involving a child and an older person.
- Emotional Maltreatment: rejection, terrorization, isolation, exploitation, degradation, ridicule, or failure to provide emotional support, love, and affection.
Adolescent Development
- Adolescent Sexuality: a time of sexual exploration and experimentation, incorporating sexuality into one's identity.
- Developing a Sexual Identity: mastering emerging sexual feelings and forming a sense of sexual identity, a lengthy process.
- Dual-Processing Model: humans have two distinct networks for processing information.
- Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning: Piaget's formal operational concept, where adolescents develop hypotheses to solve problems.
Cognitive Development
- Executive Function: an umbrella concept consisting of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the development of the prefrontal cortex.
- Metacognition: thinking about thinking, or awareness of one's own mental processes.
- Metamemory: understanding of memory processes.
Memory and Learning
- Sensory Memory: initial, brief, temporary storage of sensory information.
- Working Memory: short-term storage of information being actively processed.
- Long-Term Memory: storage of virtually unlimited capacity that holds information for long periods.
- Recognition: ability to identify a previously encountered stimulus.
- Recall: ability to reproduce material from memory.
- Episodic Memory: long-term memory of specific experiences or events, linked to time and place.
Emerging Adulthood
- Emerging Adulthood: the transition from adolescence to adulthood (approximately 18-25 years), characterized by experimentation and exploration.
- Instability: residential changes peak during early adulthood, a time of instability in love, work, and education.
- Identity Exploration: especially in love and work, emerging adulthood is a time of key changes in identity.
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Description
Review questions for Chapter 1 of a Psychology course, covering topics such as human development and cultural influences.
