Questions and Answers
In the definition of psychology, what does the term 'behavior' mean?
overt actions and reactions
Who is considered to be the father of African American psychology?
Francis Cecil Sumner
Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis focused on what key concept?
early childhood experiences
Which psychologist dared to ignore the consciousness issue and focus on observable behavior?
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Which perspective is often referred to as the 'third force' in psychology?
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Which perspective best explains the bystander effect?
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If Dr. Byers uses an eclectic approach in her clinical treatment, what is she doing?
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Dr. Colton identifies himself with the largest subfield of psychology. What kind of psychologist is he?
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Micah has been diagnosed with a psychological disorder. He would likely benefit the most by first seeing a __________.
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A psychologist interested in why married couples begin to look like each other is focusing on which goal of psychology?
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Which step in the scientific approach is derived from the goal of description?
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What step in the scientific approach is Brianne focusing on in her study of lab rats?
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The famous study of Phineas Gage is an example of what type of study?
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What kind of correlation is observed when the overall weight of subjects decreases as their exercise hours increase?
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In a study on texting and driving, what is the independent variable?
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What type of experiment is conducted when results are shared anonymously without names included?
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Double-blind studies control for which effects?
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In the stereotypes-and-athletes study, who constituted the control group?
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What options does Dr. Calvin have if Lisa wants to quit the experiment?
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Bethany ordering a golf bracelet based on a famous golfer's recommendation illustrates which error?
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In the definition of psychology, what do mental processes refer to?
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Which early psychologist attempted to bring objectivity and measurement to psychology?
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Which early psychologist would most likely agree that the study of the mind should focus on its functions in everyday life?
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Study Notes
Key Definitions in Psychology
- Behavior refers to overt actions and reactions, observable aspects of human activity.
- Mental Processes encompass internal, covert processes that influence thoughts and feelings.
Pioneers in Psychology
- Francis Cecil Sumner is recognized as the father of African American psychology.
- Sigmund Freud emphasized the significance of early childhood experiences in psychoanalysis.
- John Watson challenged the focus on consciousness, advocating for the study of observable behavior.
Psychological Perspectives
- Humanism is termed the "third force" in psychology, emphasizing personal freedom of choice in behavior.
- The sociocultural perspective explains the bystander effect—people are less likely to help in the presence of others.
Clinical Psychology
- An eclectic approach in clinical treatment involves using various therapeutic perspectives to suit different clients.
- A clinical psychologist is the largest subfield in psychology, dealing primarily with mental health disorders.
- For psychological disorders that might require medication, consulting a psychiatrist is typically the first step.
Research Methods
- The goal of explanation in psychology aims to uncover reasons behind observed behaviors and patterns.
- The scientific approach begins with perceiving a question, focusing on description.
- Testing a hypothesis is essential for providing explanations, as seen in animal behavior studies.
Types of Studies
- The case of Phineas Gage, who survived severe brain injury, serves as a notable case study in psychology.
- Correlations in research can be positive or negative, the latter indicating that increased exercise is associated with decreased weight.
Experimental Design
- In experiments analyzing the effects of texting on driving, the independent variable is texting itself.
- A double-blind experiment maintains anonymity in results and minimizes bias by concealing the study's group assignments from both participants and researchers.
- Double-blind studies effectively control for both the placebo effect and experimenter bias.
Control and Groups in Research
- Control groups are established in studies to provide a baseline for comparison, as seen in the stereotypes-and-athletes study.
- Ethical considerations in research demand that participants, like Lisa in Dr. Calvin's study, should not be coerced to continue if they choose to withdraw.
Common Misconceptions
- Trusting authority figures, such as a famous golfer endorsing a product, may lead to errors in judgment, particularly in evaluating claims of effectiveness without scientific backing.
Historical Contributions
- Wilhelm Wundt is credited with introducing objectivity and measurement to psychological study.
- William James advocated for a functional approach, emphasizing the mind's practical applications in daily life.
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Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering key concepts from Chapter 1 of psychology. Learn about important figures like Francis Cecil Sumner and delve into key definitions and theories, such as Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis. Perfect for anyone studying psychology.
