Psychology Chapter 1
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Questions and Answers

What is the focus of psychology as a discipline?

Psychology studies behavior, experience, and mental processes, and how the mind works.

What are some examples of internal conditions that can influence experiences?

  • Emotional state (correct)
  • Environment
  • Social interactions
  • Physical health (correct)

    • Brain activities and mental processes are identical.

    False

    Psychologists study behaviors as responses or reactions triggered by a stimulus, which can be internal or ____________.

    <p>external</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who founded psychoanalysis as a system to understand and cure psychological disorders?

    <p>Sigmund Freud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who used functionalism to argue that human beings seek to function effectively by adapting to their environment?

    <p>John Dewey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychologists were associated with the humanistic perspective in psychology?

    <p>Abraham Maslow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive psychology focuses on mental processes like acquiring, storing, and transforming information received from the environment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Psychoneuroimmunology? What does it emphasize?

    <p>Psychoneuroimmunology is a field that emphasizes the role played by the mind in strengthening the immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between mind and brain?

    <p>The mind is a separate entity from the brain, although it cannot exist without it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What interesting cases have been documented that support the idea of the mind as a separate entity from the brain?

    <p>Cases where individuals responded correctly despite damage to parts of their brain, maintaining their 'mind' intact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the case of the amateur athlete who lost his arm but still felt the 'phantom arm'.

    <p>After losing his arm in a motorcycle accident, the athlete continued to feel and even 'move' the 'phantom arm' as if it were still there.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which experimental methodology did Wilhelm Wundt use to study the mind?

    <p>Introspection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Behaviorism, influenced by Watson, focused on the study of mind and consciousness.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which discipline greatly drew from philosophy until the end of the 19th century, particularly with respect to methods of knowing and various domains of human nature?

    <p>Psychology as a whole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Doctors have realized that a healthy body requires a healthy ___.

    <p>mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Music and psychology have converged in many areas.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Wundt and other psychologists play in the emergence of contemporary psychology?

    <p>They adopted an experimental approach to questions about the nature of the mind and how humans come to know their motivations and emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of developmental psychologists?

    <p>how we become what we are</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which field of psychology studies the role of psychological factors in the development, prevention, and treatment of illness?

    <p>Health Psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychiatrists can prescribe medications and give electroshock treatments.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Educational psychologists primarily help develop instructional methods and materials used to train people in both educational and work settings to help individuals of all ____ learn.

    <p>ages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do we observe others as lay or common persons?

    <p>When our own points of view or our ways of understanding the world influence our interpretations of their behaviors and experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two parallel streams of psychology today?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychology is a very old knowledge discipline.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of psychology as a social science?

    <p>On how behavioral phenomena can be explained in terms of the interaction that takes place between the person and the socio-cultural context of which s/he is a part.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychology is generally categorised as a ______________________ science.

    <p>social</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approach used by psychologists to study psychological phenomena?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be observed in the relationship between Ranjita and Shabnam?

    <p>Some regularity in the relationship of their nature, experience, and mental processes with their social and physical environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychology deals with human behavior and experience in the context of their society and culture.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been shown in recent studies in affective neuroscience?

    <p>A relationship between the mind and the body, and that using positive visualization techniques and feeling positive emotions, one can bring about significant changes in bodily processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is behaviour? Provide examples of overt and covert behaviour.

    <p>Behavior refers to the actions or reactions of an individual. Overt behavior is observable, such as talking or walking, while covert behavior is internal or hidden, like thinking or feeling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can you distinguish scientific psychology from popular notions about the discipline of psychology?

    <p>Scientific psychology emphasizes empirical research and evidence-based practices to understand human behavior, while popular notions may be based on misconceptions or stereotypes perpetuated by media or entertainment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give a brief account of the evolution of psychology.

    <p>Psychology has evolved from philosophical roots to a scientific discipline studying mental processes and behavior. It progressed through structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology, and cognitive psychology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the problems for which collaboration of psychologists with other disciplines can be fruitful? Provide two examples.

    <p>Psychologists collaborating with other disciplines can address complex issues like mental health and well-being, and environmental conservation initiatives. For example, working together with sociologists to tackle social problems or with environmental scientists to promote sustainable behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Differentiate between a psychologist and a psychiatrist, and a counsellor and a clinical psychologist.

    <p>A psychologist studies human behavior and mental processes, while a psychiatrist is a medical doctor specializing in mental health disorders. A counselor provides guidance and support in non-clinical settings, whereas a clinical psychologist offers therapy and diagnosis for mental health conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe some areas of everyday life where understanding of psychology can be applied.

    <p>Psychology is applicable in areas like education for effective learning strategies, workplaces for better team dynamics, relationships for improved communication, and health for stress management and behavior change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can knowledge of environmental psychology be used to promote environment-friendly behavior?

    <p>By understanding how environmental cues influence behavior, environmental psychologists can design interventions that encourage pro-environmental actions. For example, using social norms to promote recycling or designing spaces to encourage energy conservation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of helping solve social problems like crime, which branch of psychology is most suitable? Identify the field and discuss the concerns of psychologists working in this field.

    <p>Forensic psychology is most suitable for addressing crime issues. Concerns of psychologists working in this field include ethical dilemmas, dealing with sensitive information, and the potential for burnout due to exposure to traumatic events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Psychology

    • The study of psychology is a high adventure, and it's essential to understand the human mind and behavior.
    • Psychology is a discipline that deals with understanding human behavior, mental processes, and experiences.

    Defining Psychology

    • Psychology is a science that studies mental processes, experiences, and behavior in different contexts.
    • It uses methods of biological and social sciences to obtain data systematically and make sense of it.
    • Psychology is defined formally as a science that studies mental processes, experiences, and behavior.

    Mental Processes, Experiences, and Behavior

    • Mental processes refer to internal states of consciousness or awareness, such as thinking, feeling, and remembering.
    • Experiences are subjective and internal, and can only be understood by analyzing internal and external conditions.
    • Behaviors are responses or reactions to stimuli, and can be overt or covert.

    Psychology as a Discipline

    • Psychology is a young science, dating back to the founding of the first laboratory in 1879 in Leipzig.
    • It is a social science that focuses on understanding human behavior and mental processes.
    • Psychology also borrows from natural sciences, such as neuroscience and biology.

    Psychology as a Natural Science

    • Psychology as a natural science focuses on the biological principles of human behavior.
    • It uses the scientific method to study psychological phenomena, and emphasizes objectivity.
    • The hypothetico-deductive model is used to develop theories and test hypotheses.

    Psychology as a Social Science

    • Psychology as a social science focuses on how behavioral phenomena are influenced by social and cultural contexts.
    • It emphasizes the importance of understanding human behavior in the context of the person and their environment.
    • Each behavioral phenomenon is assumed to have multiple causes.

    Branches of Psychology

    • Psychology has various branches, including neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and social psychology.
    • It is a discipline that is closely related to other fields, such as biology, philosophy, and computer science.

    Growth and Development of Psychology

    • Psychology has evolved over time, with significant contributions from various philosophers and scientists.
    • It is a continuously growing field, with new interfaces and applications emerging.

    Importance of Psychology

    • Psychology helps us understand human behavior and mental processes, and contributes to human well-being.
    • It is essential in understanding and addressing various social and psychological issues, such as terrorism, war, and personal growth.### Psychology as a Social Science
    • Psychology is recognized as a social science because it studies human behavior in socio-cultural contexts.
    • Humans are influenced by and also create their socio-cultural contexts.
    • Psychology focuses on humans as social beings, considering their relationships with others and their environment.

    Understanding Mind and Behavior

    • The concept of "mind" has returned to psychology due to contributions from neuroscientists and physicists.
    • There is a relationship between the mind and body, and recent studies have shown that mental imagery can bring about physical changes.
    • A new discipline, Psychoneuroimmunology, has emerged, emphasizing the role of the mind in strengthening the immune system.
    • Everyday, people act like psychologists, trying to understand why others behave in certain ways.
    • Many people have developed their own theories of human behavior, which may or may not be true if scientifically investigated.
    • Common sense explanations of human behavior are often based on hindsight and can be unreliable.

    Evolution of Psychology

    • Psychology has a short history, influenced by Western developments.
    • The formal beginning of modern psychology is traced back to 1879, when Wilhelm Wundt established the first experimental laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.
    • Wundt's structuralism was later reacted to by Gestalt psychology, which focused on the organization of perceptual experiences.
    • Other influential approaches to psychology include functionalism, behaviorism, psychoanalysis, and humanism.

    Key Milestones in Psychology

    • 1879: Wilhelm Wundt establishes the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.
    • 1890: William James publishes Principles of Psychology.
    • 1900: Sigmund Freud develops Psychoanalysis.
    • 1904: Ivan Pavlov wins the Nobel Prize for his work on digestive system that led to the development of responses.
    • 1954: Humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow publishes 'Motivation and Personality'.
    • 1955: National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) is established at Bangalore.
    • 1962: Hospital for Mental Diseases in Ranchi is established.
    • 1973: Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen win the Nobel Prize for their work on built-in species-specific animal behavior patterns.
    • 1978: Herbert Simon wins the Nobel Prize for work on decision-making.
    • 1981: David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel win the Nobel Prize for their research on vision cells in the brain.
    • 1981: Roger Sperry wins the Nobel Prize for split-brain research.
    • 1989: National Academy of Psychology (NAOP) India is founded.
    • 1997: National Brain Research Centre (NBRC) is established at Gurgaon, Haryana.
    • 2002: Daniel Kahneman wins the Nobel Prize for research on human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty.
    • 2005: Thomas Schelling wins the Nobel Prize for his work in applying Game Theory to economics.### Development of Psychology in India
    • The development of psychology in India was influenced by Western psychology, despite the rich Indian philosophical tradition.
    • The modern era of Indian psychology began in the Department of Philosophy at Calcutta University, where the first syllabus of experimental psychology was introduced and the first psychology laboratory was established in 1915.
    • The first Department of Psychology was established in 1916, and another Department of Applied Psychology was established in 1938.
    • The development of psychology in India was influenced by Indian psychologists such as Dr. N.N. Sengupta and Professor G.Bose, who were trained in the USA and UK.

    Branches of Psychology

    • Cognitive Psychology: investigates mental processes involved in acquisition, storage, manipulation, and transformation of information received from the environment.
    • Biological Psychology: focuses on the relationship between behavior and the physical system, including the brain, nervous system, immune system, and genetics.
    • Neuropsychology: emerged as a field of research where psychologists and neuroscientists work together to study the role of neurotransmitters in different areas of the brain.
    • Developmental Psychology: studies physical, social, and psychological changes that occur at different ages and stages over a lifespan, from conception to old age.
    • Health Psychology: focuses on the role of psychological factors in the development, prevention, and treatment of illness.
    • Clinical and Counselling Psychology: deals with the causes, treatment, and prevention of psychological disorders, as well as counselling to improve everyday functioning.
    • Social Psychology: explores how people are affected by their social environments, and how people think about and influence others.
    • Cross-cultural and Cultural Psychology: examines the role of culture in understanding behavior, thought, and emotion.
    • Environmental Psychology: studies the interaction of physical factors such as temperature, humidity, pollution, and natural disasters on human behavior.
    • Industrial/Organisational Psychology: deals with workplace behavior, focusing on both workers and organizations.

    Emerging Branches of Psychology

    • Aviation Psychology
    • Space Psychology
    • Military Psychology
    • Sports Psychology
    • Educational Psychology
    • School Psychology
    • Forensic Psychology
    • Rural Psychology
    • Engineering Psychology
    • Managerial Psychology
    • Community Psychology
    • Psychology of Women
    • Political Psychology

    Psychology and Other Disciplines

    • Psychology shares its knowledge with other disciplines such as neurology, physiology, biology, medicine, computer science, anthropology, sociology, social work, political science, and economics.
    • The interdisciplinary approach in psychology has led to the emergence of various fields of study.

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