Questions and Answers
What is the focus of psychology as a discipline?
Psychology studies behavior, experience, and mental processes, and how the mind works.
What are some examples of internal conditions that can influence experiences?
Brain activities and mental processes are identical.
False
Psychologists study behaviors as responses or reactions triggered by a stimulus, which can be internal or ____________.
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Who founded psychoanalysis as a system to understand and cure psychological disorders?
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Who used functionalism to argue that human beings seek to function effectively by adapting to their environment?
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Which psychologists were associated with the humanistic perspective in psychology?
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Cognitive psychology focuses on mental processes like acquiring, storing, and transforming information received from the environment.
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What is Psychoneuroimmunology? What does it emphasize?
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What is the difference between mind and brain?
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What interesting cases have been documented that support the idea of the mind as a separate entity from the brain?
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Explain the case of the amateur athlete who lost his arm but still felt the 'phantom arm'.
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Which experimental methodology did Wilhelm Wundt use to study the mind?
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Behaviorism, influenced by Watson, focused on the study of mind and consciousness.
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Which discipline greatly drew from philosophy until the end of the 19th century, particularly with respect to methods of knowing and various domains of human nature?
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Doctors have realized that a healthy body requires a healthy ___.
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Music and psychology have converged in many areas.
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What role did Wundt and other psychologists play in the emergence of contemporary psychology?
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What is the primary concern of developmental psychologists?
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Which field of psychology studies the role of psychological factors in the development, prevention, and treatment of illness?
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Psychiatrists can prescribe medications and give electroshock treatments.
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Educational psychologists primarily help develop instructional methods and materials used to train people in both educational and work settings to help individuals of all ____ learn.
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When do we observe others as lay or common persons?
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What are the two parallel streams of psychology today?
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Psychology is a very old knowledge discipline.
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What is the focus of psychology as a social science?
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Psychology is generally categorised as a ______________________ science.
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What is the approach used by psychologists to study psychological phenomena?
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What can be observed in the relationship between Ranjita and Shabnam?
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Psychology deals with human behavior and experience in the context of their society and culture.
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What has been shown in recent studies in affective neuroscience?
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What is behaviour? Provide examples of overt and covert behaviour.
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How can you distinguish scientific psychology from popular notions about the discipline of psychology?
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Give a brief account of the evolution of psychology.
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What are the problems for which collaboration of psychologists with other disciplines can be fruitful? Provide two examples.
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Differentiate between a psychologist and a psychiatrist, and a counsellor and a clinical psychologist.
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Describe some areas of everyday life where understanding of psychology can be applied.
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How can knowledge of environmental psychology be used to promote environment-friendly behavior?
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In terms of helping solve social problems like crime, which branch of psychology is most suitable? Identify the field and discuss the concerns of psychologists working in this field.
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Study Notes
Introduction to Psychology
- The study of psychology is a high adventure, and it's essential to understand the human mind and behavior.
- Psychology is a discipline that deals with understanding human behavior, mental processes, and experiences.
Defining Psychology
- Psychology is a science that studies mental processes, experiences, and behavior in different contexts.
- It uses methods of biological and social sciences to obtain data systematically and make sense of it.
- Psychology is defined formally as a science that studies mental processes, experiences, and behavior.
Mental Processes, Experiences, and Behavior
- Mental processes refer to internal states of consciousness or awareness, such as thinking, feeling, and remembering.
- Experiences are subjective and internal, and can only be understood by analyzing internal and external conditions.
- Behaviors are responses or reactions to stimuli, and can be overt or covert.
Psychology as a Discipline
- Psychology is a young science, dating back to the founding of the first laboratory in 1879 in Leipzig.
- It is a social science that focuses on understanding human behavior and mental processes.
- Psychology also borrows from natural sciences, such as neuroscience and biology.
Psychology as a Natural Science
- Psychology as a natural science focuses on the biological principles of human behavior.
- It uses the scientific method to study psychological phenomena, and emphasizes objectivity.
- The hypothetico-deductive model is used to develop theories and test hypotheses.
Psychology as a Social Science
- Psychology as a social science focuses on how behavioral phenomena are influenced by social and cultural contexts.
- It emphasizes the importance of understanding human behavior in the context of the person and their environment.
- Each behavioral phenomenon is assumed to have multiple causes.
Branches of Psychology
- Psychology has various branches, including neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and social psychology.
- It is a discipline that is closely related to other fields, such as biology, philosophy, and computer science.
Growth and Development of Psychology
- Psychology has evolved over time, with significant contributions from various philosophers and scientists.
- It is a continuously growing field, with new interfaces and applications emerging.
Importance of Psychology
- Psychology helps us understand human behavior and mental processes, and contributes to human well-being.
- It is essential in understanding and addressing various social and psychological issues, such as terrorism, war, and personal growth.### Psychology as a Social Science
- Psychology is recognized as a social science because it studies human behavior in socio-cultural contexts.
- Humans are influenced by and also create their socio-cultural contexts.
- Psychology focuses on humans as social beings, considering their relationships with others and their environment.
Understanding Mind and Behavior
- The concept of "mind" has returned to psychology due to contributions from neuroscientists and physicists.
- There is a relationship between the mind and body, and recent studies have shown that mental imagery can bring about physical changes.
- A new discipline, Psychoneuroimmunology, has emerged, emphasizing the role of the mind in strengthening the immune system.
Popular Notions about the Discipline of Psychology
- Everyday, people act like psychologists, trying to understand why others behave in certain ways.
- Many people have developed their own theories of human behavior, which may or may not be true if scientifically investigated.
- Common sense explanations of human behavior are often based on hindsight and can be unreliable.
Evolution of Psychology
- Psychology has a short history, influenced by Western developments.
- The formal beginning of modern psychology is traced back to 1879, when Wilhelm Wundt established the first experimental laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.
- Wundt's structuralism was later reacted to by Gestalt psychology, which focused on the organization of perceptual experiences.
- Other influential approaches to psychology include functionalism, behaviorism, psychoanalysis, and humanism.
Key Milestones in Psychology
- 1879: Wilhelm Wundt establishes the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.
- 1890: William James publishes Principles of Psychology.
- 1900: Sigmund Freud develops Psychoanalysis.
- 1904: Ivan Pavlov wins the Nobel Prize for his work on digestive system that led to the development of responses.
- 1954: Humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow publishes 'Motivation and Personality'.
- 1955: National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) is established at Bangalore.
- 1962: Hospital for Mental Diseases in Ranchi is established.
- 1973: Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen win the Nobel Prize for their work on built-in species-specific animal behavior patterns.
- 1978: Herbert Simon wins the Nobel Prize for work on decision-making.
- 1981: David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel win the Nobel Prize for their research on vision cells in the brain.
- 1981: Roger Sperry wins the Nobel Prize for split-brain research.
- 1989: National Academy of Psychology (NAOP) India is founded.
- 1997: National Brain Research Centre (NBRC) is established at Gurgaon, Haryana.
- 2002: Daniel Kahneman wins the Nobel Prize for research on human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty.
- 2005: Thomas Schelling wins the Nobel Prize for his work in applying Game Theory to economics.### Development of Psychology in India
- The development of psychology in India was influenced by Western psychology, despite the rich Indian philosophical tradition.
- The modern era of Indian psychology began in the Department of Philosophy at Calcutta University, where the first syllabus of experimental psychology was introduced and the first psychology laboratory was established in 1915.
- The first Department of Psychology was established in 1916, and another Department of Applied Psychology was established in 1938.
- The development of psychology in India was influenced by Indian psychologists such as Dr. N.N. Sengupta and Professor G.Bose, who were trained in the USA and UK.
Branches of Psychology
- Cognitive Psychology: investigates mental processes involved in acquisition, storage, manipulation, and transformation of information received from the environment.
- Biological Psychology: focuses on the relationship between behavior and the physical system, including the brain, nervous system, immune system, and genetics.
- Neuropsychology: emerged as a field of research where psychologists and neuroscientists work together to study the role of neurotransmitters in different areas of the brain.
- Developmental Psychology: studies physical, social, and psychological changes that occur at different ages and stages over a lifespan, from conception to old age.
- Health Psychology: focuses on the role of psychological factors in the development, prevention, and treatment of illness.
- Clinical and Counselling Psychology: deals with the causes, treatment, and prevention of psychological disorders, as well as counselling to improve everyday functioning.
- Social Psychology: explores how people are affected by their social environments, and how people think about and influence others.
- Cross-cultural and Cultural Psychology: examines the role of culture in understanding behavior, thought, and emotion.
- Environmental Psychology: studies the interaction of physical factors such as temperature, humidity, pollution, and natural disasters on human behavior.
- Industrial/Organisational Psychology: deals with workplace behavior, focusing on both workers and organizations.
Emerging Branches of Psychology
- Aviation Psychology
- Space Psychology
- Military Psychology
- Sports Psychology
- Educational Psychology
- School Psychology
- Forensic Psychology
- Rural Psychology
- Engineering Psychology
- Managerial Psychology
- Community Psychology
- Psychology of Women
- Political Psychology
Psychology and Other Disciplines
- Psychology shares its knowledge with other disciplines such as neurology, physiology, biology, medicine, computer science, anthropology, sociology, social work, political science, and economics.
- The interdisciplinary approach in psychology has led to the emergence of various fields of study.
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Description
Understand the basics of psychology, its growth, fields, and relationships with other disciplines. Learn about the value of psychology in daily life.