Psychology chapter 1 part 1

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Questions and Answers

Who is primarily associated with the development of classical conditioning?

John Watson

Sigmund Freud

BF Skinner

Ivan Pavlov (correct)

What is the primary subject matter emphasized by behaviorism?

Unconscious motives

Cognitive processes

Inner thoughts and feelings

Overt behavior (correct)

Which approach involves the use of reinforcement and punishment to modify behavior?

Functionalisim

Structuralism

Psychoanalysis

Behaviorism (correct)

Who conducted research that significantly involved the experiment with Baby Albert?

John Watson Signup and view all the answers

What significant shift in psychology is John Watson known for?

Studying overt behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological approach focuses on the analysis of sensations and feelings as suggested by Titchener?

Structuralism Signup and view all the answers

Which approach emphasizes the importance of the causes and consequences of behavior as highlighted by William James?

Functionalism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following approaches would be least likely aligned with Titchener's ideas on introspection?

Gestalt Psychology Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological perspective attempts to explain behavior in terms of innate drives and conflicts?

Psychoanalysis Signup and view all the answers

Which approach did William James criticize for focusing too heavily on introspection?

Structuralism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is primarily concerned with how behaviors help organisms adapt to their environment?

Functionalism Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological school of thought is considered the precursor to Behaviorism due to its emphasis on observable behaviors?

Functionalism Signup and view all the answers

How does Gestalt Psychology differ from Structuralism in its approach to understanding mental processes?

Gestalt focuses on the whole experience, while Structuralism breaks it down into elements. Signup and view all the answers

What perspective is known for emphasizing the function of behavior in the world?

Functionalism Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological perspective dominated clinical psychology for several decades and emphasized the unconscious mind?

Psychoanalysis Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements best summarizes Gestalt Psychology?

It emphasizes how parts relate to the whole. Signup and view all the answers

Which theory was primarily responsible for establishing psychology as a scientific discipline?

Behaviourism Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of Structuralism in psychology?

Breaking down mental processes into their components Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, what was the primary cause of hysteria and neurosis?

Problems in the unconscious mind Signup and view all the answers

Which term best aligns with the idea that 'the whole is greater than the sum of its parts' in psychology?

Gestalt Signup and view all the answers

How did Freud's psychoanalytic theory contribute to psychology?

It highlighted the importance of the unconscious. Signup and view all the answers

What is a major difference between Functionalism and Behaviourism?

Functionalism focuses on mental processes, while Behaviourism focuses on observable behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological approach examines experiences as a unified whole rather than in parts?

Gestalt Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning behavior did Ivan Pavlov study?

Conditioned reflex Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological approach emphasizes the study of observable behavior?

Behaviorism Signup and view all the answers

What major concepts did B.F. Skinner introduce concerning behavior modification?

Reinforcement and punishment Signup and view all the answers

Which experiment is John Watson known for in relation to behaviorism?

Little Albert Signup and view all the answers

What method did Skinner use to study behavior modification?

A behaviorist chamber Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first female president of the APA?

Mary Whiton Calkins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following women was the first Latina to earn a doctoral degree in psychology?

Martha Bernal Signup and view all the answers

In what year did the first African American woman receive a PhD in psychology?

1933 Signup and view all the answers

Which significant work is associated with Mary Whiton Calkins?

The Study of Self Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of Martha Bernal's research?

Education with Mexican American children Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Aristotle propose regarding the relationship between the soul and body?

They influence each other. Signup and view all the answers

What does John Locke's 'tabula rasa' concept imply about the mind at birth?

The mind is completely empty. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of Wilhelm Wundt's study in his first psychology laboratory?

Reaction times and introspection. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the philosophical influence of Socrates and Plato on psychology?

Emphasizing inborn ideas. Signup and view all the answers

What significant development occurred in psychology in 1879?

The first psychology laboratory was founded. Signup and view all the answers

Which philosophical stance suggests that the mind and body function separately?

Dualism. Signup and view all the answers

What did Aristotle’s view suggest about the acquisition of knowledge?

Knowledge is gained through experience. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs correctly identifies a philosopher and their associated psychological concept?

Locke - Tabula Rasa. Signup and view all the answers

What does psychology primarily study?

The scientific study of the mind and behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which skill is enhanced through an education in psychology?

Critical thinking Signup and view all the answers

Who is recognized as a significant figure in the early development of psychology?

Wilhelm Wundt Signup and view all the answers

What is a main characteristic of critical thinking in psychology?

The active evaluation of information for reliability Signup and view all the answers

What important role did behaviorism play in psychology's history?

Emphasized observable behaviors over the mind Signup and view all the answers

Which two philosophers believed in the separation of the mind and body?

Socrates and Plato Signup and view all the answers

What significant shift did the cognitive revolution bring to psychology?

A return to studying mental processes Signup and view all the answers

Which method is primarily used in psychology to establish facts?

Empirical testing Signup and view all the answers

What does the term Gestalt refer to in psychology?

A perspective focusing on the whole of an experience Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological theory emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind?

Psychoanalysis Signup and view all the answers

How did behaviorism significantly impact the field of psychology?

By establishing objective methodologies based on experimentation Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective of psychology aims to understand behavior through the lens of adaptation?

Functionalism Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best characterizes Structuralism?

It analyzes the individual parts of conscious experience. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

Unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'the whole is greater than the sum of its parts' in Gestalt psychology imply?

Interactions between parts create a unique experience. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following approaches focuses on observable behavior and dismisses internal mental processes?

Behaviorism Signup and view all the answers

Which school of thought deals primarily with intuition and self-reported experiences?

Structuralism Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant contribution of Charles Darwin's ideas to psychology?

Emphasis on functionalism as a method of adaptation Signup and view all the answers

What concept did John Locke contribute to the understanding of the mind at birth?

The mind is a blank slate Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher suggested that the soul and body are not separate entities?

Aristotle Signup and view all the answers

What year marks the establishment of the first psychology laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt?

1879 Signup and view all the answers

Which philosophical perspective emphasizes the role of experience in shaping knowledge?

Empiricism Signup and view all the answers

How does dualism describe the relationship between the mind and body?

They influence each other but are different Signup and view all the answers

What method did Wilhelm Wundt primarily use in his research?

Introspection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best reflects the philosophical influence of Socrates and Plato on psychology?

The mind is distinct from the body Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of Aristotle's view on knowledge acquisition?

Knowledge is contingent upon empirical observation Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first female to be awarded a PhD in psychology?

Mary Whiton Calkins Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Martha Bernal earn her doctoral degree in psychology?

1962 Signup and view all the answers

What significant contribution did Inez Beverly Prosser make in the field of psychology?

Studies related to the education of African American children Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of Mary Whiton Calkins' research?

Consciousness and memory Signup and view all the answers

What unfortunate event occurred in the life of Inez Beverly Prosser?

She died in a car accident Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological approach was primarily renamed and adapted by Titchener?

Structuralism Signup and view all the answers

William James is known for emphasizing which aspect of behavior?

The 'how' and 'why' of behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which concept of behavior was significantly influenced by Darwin's theories in the context of psychology?

Adaptation Signup and view all the answers

What did Titchener analyze in his approach to psychology?

Sensations, feelings, and images Signup and view all the answers

What was a key contribution of William James to psychology?

Establishing functionalism Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the main goal of Titchener's structuralism?

To analyze the structure of consciousness Signup and view all the answers

How did William James's view on behavior differ from that of Titchener?

He emphasized functional aspects rather than structural. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Structuralism as proposed by Titchener?

Focus on immediate conscious experience Signup and view all the answers

What did Titchener's method of introspection depend on?

Self-reports of mental experiences Signup and view all the answers

What did adaptation imply in the context of Darwin's influence on psychology?

A process that enhances reproductive success Signup and view all the answers

What type of reflex was Pavlov primarily known for studying?

Conditioned reflexes Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of psychology did Watson argue should be emphasized?

Overt behavior Signup and view all the answers

How did Skinner contribute to the field of behaviorism?

Through the introduction of reinforcement and punishment Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental principle that separates behaviorism from other psychological approaches?

Study of observable behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which experiment is associated with John Watson's behaviorist approach?

The Little Albert experiment Signup and view all the answers

Which factor did Skinner identify as critical in modifying behavior?

Environmental stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes classical conditioning?

Associating neutral stimuli with natural responses Signup and view all the answers

What did Skinner develop to conduct his behavioral experiments?

Conditioning chambers Signup and view all the answers

What major contribution did Watson make to psychology?

He promoted a focus on observable behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What key concept is associated with Skinner's approach to behavior?

Reinforcement schedules Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Gestalt' primarily emphasize in psychology?

The integration of sensory experiences into a unified whole Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological approach focuses on the role of unconscious processes in shaping behavior?

Psychoanalysis Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is noted for establishing psychology as a scientific discipline through objective methods?

Behaviourism Signup and view all the answers

Who are the key figures associated with the development of Gestalt psychology?

Wertheimer, Koffka, and Kohler Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of functionalism in psychology?

Studying how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of psychoanalytic theory?

Early childhood experiences and unconscious mind impact behavior Signup and view all the answers

What concept does the statement 'the whole is greater than the sum of its parts' refer to?

Gestalt Psychology Signup and view all the answers

What was Freud primarily investigating in his studies of hysteria and neurosis?

Unconscious conflicts and drives Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following approaches challenges the introspective methods used in earlier psychological practices?

Behaviourism Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of unconscious processes as described by Freud?

They determine actions and emotions without conscious awareness Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Behaviorism

Behaviorism focuses on studying overt behavior.
Behaviorism dominated psychology in the 1920s to the present.
Ivan Pavlov, JB Watson, and BF Skinner are prominent figures in the field.
Pavlov studied classical conditioning through experiments with dogs and their salivation in response to food.
Watson was a major proponent of shifting focus from the mind to behavior.
Watson's famous experiment with Baby Albert demonstrated the possibility of learning fear through association.
Skinner emphasized reinforcement and punishment as key factors in driving behavior.
Skinner developed the Skinner Box to study how rewards and punishments can modify behavior.

Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis emphasizes the importance of the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior.
Sigmund Freud and his followers have significantly influenced psychoanalytic theory.
Freud was interested in patients with hysteria and neurosis and believed their illnesses were rooted in their unconscious minds.
Psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the role of a person's unconscious, as well as their childhood experiences.

Gestalt Psychology

The word "Gestalt" roughly translates to "whole".
The key principle of Gestalt psychology suggests that while experiences can be broken down into parts, the whole perception is greater than the sum of its parts.
Gestalt psychology focuses on the relationship of the parts to each other and how they contribute to the overall experience.
Wertheimer, Koffka, and Kohler were key figures in Gestalt Psychology.
They emigrated to the US to escape Nazi Germany.

Structuralism

Structuralism focuses on analyzing the basic elements of consciousness.
Wilhelm Wundt is considered the founding father of structuralism.
Wundt's approach, also known as "trained introspection," involved studying the subjective experiences of individuals
Edward Titchener renamed Wundt's approach and analyzed sensations, feelings, and images.

Functionalism

Functionalism focuses on understanding the purpose and function of behavior.
William James was a key figure in this movement.
James emphasized understanding the "how" and "why" of behavior, not just the "what."
James was also interested in the causes and consequences of behavior.
James was the first American psychologist and drew inspiration from Darwin's theories of evolution.

Influence of Charles Darwin

Darwin’s theory of evolution through natural selection played a role in development of both functionalism and behaviorism.
Darwin believed that organism characteristics are the result of adaptation for survival and reproduction.
This influenced the functional approach of understanding the function of behavior in the world and the behaviorist approach of studying the effects of the environment on behavior.

Psychology Defined

Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior
Scientific method is used to objectively establish fact through empirical testing
Hypothesis and theories are tested

Why Study Psychology

Psychology students hone critical thinking skills
Critical thinking is the active application of skills to information for understanding and evaluation
Critical thinking skills are valuable in today's world full of competing "facts"

The History Of Psychology

Socrates and Plato believed the mind was separate from the body and continued after death
Aristotle suggested the soul and body are not separate and knowledge comes from experience
Rene Descartes famous for "I think, therefore I am", believed mind and body function separately
John Locke believed the mind is a blank slate at birth (tabula rasa)

Schools of Psychology

Structuralism (Wilhelm Wundt) focuses on the basic elements of consciousness
Functionalism (William James) focuses on the purpose of mental processes
Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud) emphasizes the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior
Gestalt focuses on how the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and learning through conditioning

Key Figures in Psychology

Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology laboratory in 1879
E.B. James proposed functionalism, focusing on the function of behavior
Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, emphasizing the unconscious mind
Ivan Pavlov studied classical conditioning, demonstrating how reflexes can be learned
John B. Watson advocated for behaviorism, shifting focus to observable behaviors
B.F. Skinner explored operant conditioning, using reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior
Mary Whiton Calkins was the first female student at Harvard (1890) and the first female president of the APA (1905)
Margaret Floy Washburn was the first woman to earn a PhD in psychology (1894)
Martha Bernal was the first Latina to earn a doctorate in psychology (1962)
Inez Beverly Prosser was the first African American woman to earn a PhD in psychology (1933)

Prescientific Psychology

Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) theorized about psychology’s concepts.
He suggested that the soul and body are not separate and that knowledge grows from experience.
René Descartes (1596-1650) was a philosopher.
He declared "I think, therefore I am."
He proposed that the mind and body (brain) function separately, known as Dualism.
John Locke (1632-1704) held that the mind is a tabula rasa (blank slate) at birth, and experience writes on it.
Some ideas, like those argued by Socrates and Plato, are considered inborn.

Schools of Psychology

The major schools of psychology include: Structuralism, Functionalism, Psychoanalysis, Gestalt, and Behaviourism.

Structuralism

Wilhelm Wundt (Leipzig, Germany) established the first psychology laboratory in 1879.
He studied reaction times and introspection (internal perception).
Edward B. Titchener (1867-1927) renamed Wundt’s approach “trained” introspection.
He analyzed sensations, feelings, and images.

Functionalism

William James (1842-1910) emphasized the "how" and "why" of behavior instead of the "what".
He focused on the causes and consequences of behavior and was the first American psychologist.
He was inspired by Darwin's theories of evolution, examining how behavior is adaptive.

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) and his followers emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior.
Freud was fascinated by patients suffering from “hysteria” and neurosis, attributing their illnesses to problems in the unconscious mind.
Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the role of a person's unconscious mind, including early childhood experiences.

Gestalt

Gestalt roughly translates to "whole".
It focuses on how individual parts of a sensory experience relate to each other as a whole.
The main figures associated with the Gestalt school are Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka, who immigrated to the US to escape Nazi Germany.
Gestalt psychology believes the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
It is concerned with sensation and perception.

Behaviorism

Behaviorism is largely responsible for establishing psychology as a scientific discipline through its objective methods, especially experimentation.
It is used in behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Ivan Pavlov studied a form of learning behavior called a conditioned reflex.
He focused on salivation in response to the presence of food, also known as "classical conditioning".
John B. Watson (1878-1958) emphasized the study of overt behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology.
He is recognized for the "Little Albert" experiment.
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) emphasized reinforcement and punishment as major factors in driving behavior.
He developed a chamber to study the principles of modifying behavior through reinforcement and punishment.

Female Pioneers in Psychology

Mary Whiton Calkins, the first female student of William James in 1890, studied psychology at Harvard.
She was offered a PhD from Radcliffe but declined.
She became the first female president of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1905.
Margaret Floy Washburn was the first woman awarded a PhD in Psychology in 1894.
She studied under Titchener and her notable contribution was the book ‘The Animal Mind’.
Martha Bernal was the first Latina to earn a doctoral degree in Psychology (1962).
She conducted much of her research with Mexican American children.
Inez Beverly Prosser was the first African American woman awarded a PhD in 1933.
She tragically died in a car accident.

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Description

This quiz explores the key concepts of Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis in psychology, focusing on major figures like Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, and Freud. Understand how behavior was studied through classical conditioning, reinforcement, and the role of the unconscious mind. Test your knowledge on the theoretical shifts in psychology from behavior to mind.