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Questions and Answers
Who is primarily associated with the development of classical conditioning?
Who is primarily associated with the development of classical conditioning?
What is the primary subject matter emphasized by behaviorism?
What is the primary subject matter emphasized by behaviorism?
Which approach involves the use of reinforcement and punishment to modify behavior?
Which approach involves the use of reinforcement and punishment to modify behavior?
Who conducted research that significantly involved the experiment with Baby Albert?
Who conducted research that significantly involved the experiment with Baby Albert?
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What significant shift in psychology is John Watson known for?
What significant shift in psychology is John Watson known for?
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Which psychological approach focuses on the analysis of sensations and feelings as suggested by Titchener?
Which psychological approach focuses on the analysis of sensations and feelings as suggested by Titchener?
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Which approach emphasizes the importance of the causes and consequences of behavior as highlighted by William James?
Which approach emphasizes the importance of the causes and consequences of behavior as highlighted by William James?
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Which of the following approaches would be least likely aligned with Titchener's ideas on introspection?
Which of the following approaches would be least likely aligned with Titchener's ideas on introspection?
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Which psychological perspective attempts to explain behavior in terms of innate drives and conflicts?
Which psychological perspective attempts to explain behavior in terms of innate drives and conflicts?
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Which approach did William James criticize for focusing too heavily on introspection?
Which approach did William James criticize for focusing too heavily on introspection?
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Which of the following is primarily concerned with how behaviors help organisms adapt to their environment?
Which of the following is primarily concerned with how behaviors help organisms adapt to their environment?
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Which psychological school of thought is considered the precursor to Behaviorism due to its emphasis on observable behaviors?
Which psychological school of thought is considered the precursor to Behaviorism due to its emphasis on observable behaviors?
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How does Gestalt Psychology differ from Structuralism in its approach to understanding mental processes?
How does Gestalt Psychology differ from Structuralism in its approach to understanding mental processes?
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What perspective is known for emphasizing the function of behavior in the world?
What perspective is known for emphasizing the function of behavior in the world?
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Which psychological perspective dominated clinical psychology for several decades and emphasized the unconscious mind?
Which psychological perspective dominated clinical psychology for several decades and emphasized the unconscious mind?
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Which of these statements best summarizes Gestalt Psychology?
Which of these statements best summarizes Gestalt Psychology?
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Which theory was primarily responsible for establishing psychology as a scientific discipline?
Which theory was primarily responsible for establishing psychology as a scientific discipline?
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What is the focus of Structuralism in psychology?
What is the focus of Structuralism in psychology?
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According to Freud, what was the primary cause of hysteria and neurosis?
According to Freud, what was the primary cause of hysteria and neurosis?
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Which term best aligns with the idea that 'the whole is greater than the sum of its parts' in psychology?
Which term best aligns with the idea that 'the whole is greater than the sum of its parts' in psychology?
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How did Freud's psychoanalytic theory contribute to psychology?
How did Freud's psychoanalytic theory contribute to psychology?
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What is a major difference between Functionalism and Behaviourism?
What is a major difference between Functionalism and Behaviourism?
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Which psychological approach examines experiences as a unified whole rather than in parts?
Which psychological approach examines experiences as a unified whole rather than in parts?
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What type of learning behavior did Ivan Pavlov study?
What type of learning behavior did Ivan Pavlov study?
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Which psychological approach emphasizes the study of observable behavior?
Which psychological approach emphasizes the study of observable behavior?
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What major concepts did B.F. Skinner introduce concerning behavior modification?
What major concepts did B.F. Skinner introduce concerning behavior modification?
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Which experiment is John Watson known for in relation to behaviorism?
Which experiment is John Watson known for in relation to behaviorism?
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What method did Skinner use to study behavior modification?
What method did Skinner use to study behavior modification?
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Who was the first female president of the APA?
Who was the first female president of the APA?
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Which of the following women was the first Latina to earn a doctoral degree in psychology?
Which of the following women was the first Latina to earn a doctoral degree in psychology?
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In what year did the first African American woman receive a PhD in psychology?
In what year did the first African American woman receive a PhD in psychology?
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Which significant work is associated with Mary Whiton Calkins?
Which significant work is associated with Mary Whiton Calkins?
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What was the primary focus of Martha Bernal's research?
What was the primary focus of Martha Bernal's research?
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What concept did Aristotle propose regarding the relationship between the soul and body?
What concept did Aristotle propose regarding the relationship between the soul and body?
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What does John Locke's 'tabula rasa' concept imply about the mind at birth?
What does John Locke's 'tabula rasa' concept imply about the mind at birth?
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What was the primary focus of Wilhelm Wundt's study in his first psychology laboratory?
What was the primary focus of Wilhelm Wundt's study in his first psychology laboratory?
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Which of the following best describes the philosophical influence of Socrates and Plato on psychology?
Which of the following best describes the philosophical influence of Socrates and Plato on psychology?
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What significant development occurred in psychology in 1879?
What significant development occurred in psychology in 1879?
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Which philosophical stance suggests that the mind and body function separately?
Which philosophical stance suggests that the mind and body function separately?
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What did Aristotle’s view suggest about the acquisition of knowledge?
What did Aristotle’s view suggest about the acquisition of knowledge?
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Which of the following pairs correctly identifies a philosopher and their associated psychological concept?
Which of the following pairs correctly identifies a philosopher and their associated psychological concept?
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What does psychology primarily study?
What does psychology primarily study?
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Which skill is enhanced through an education in psychology?
Which skill is enhanced through an education in psychology?
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Who is recognized as a significant figure in the early development of psychology?
Who is recognized as a significant figure in the early development of psychology?
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What is a main characteristic of critical thinking in psychology?
What is a main characteristic of critical thinking in psychology?
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What important role did behaviorism play in psychology's history?
What important role did behaviorism play in psychology's history?
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Which two philosophers believed in the separation of the mind and body?
Which two philosophers believed in the separation of the mind and body?
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What significant shift did the cognitive revolution bring to psychology?
What significant shift did the cognitive revolution bring to psychology?
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Which method is primarily used in psychology to establish facts?
Which method is primarily used in psychology to establish facts?
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What does the term Gestalt refer to in psychology?
What does the term Gestalt refer to in psychology?
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Which psychological theory emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind?
Which psychological theory emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind?
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How did behaviorism significantly impact the field of psychology?
How did behaviorism significantly impact the field of psychology?
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Which perspective of psychology aims to understand behavior through the lens of adaptation?
Which perspective of psychology aims to understand behavior through the lens of adaptation?
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Which statement best characterizes Structuralism?
Which statement best characterizes Structuralism?
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What is a primary focus of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
What is a primary focus of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
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What does the phrase 'the whole is greater than the sum of its parts' in Gestalt psychology imply?
What does the phrase 'the whole is greater than the sum of its parts' in Gestalt psychology imply?
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Which of the following approaches focuses on observable behavior and dismisses internal mental processes?
Which of the following approaches focuses on observable behavior and dismisses internal mental processes?
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Which school of thought deals primarily with intuition and self-reported experiences?
Which school of thought deals primarily with intuition and self-reported experiences?
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What was a significant contribution of Charles Darwin's ideas to psychology?
What was a significant contribution of Charles Darwin's ideas to psychology?
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What concept did John Locke contribute to the understanding of the mind at birth?
What concept did John Locke contribute to the understanding of the mind at birth?
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Which philosopher suggested that the soul and body are not separate entities?
Which philosopher suggested that the soul and body are not separate entities?
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What year marks the establishment of the first psychology laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt?
What year marks the establishment of the first psychology laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt?
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Which philosophical perspective emphasizes the role of experience in shaping knowledge?
Which philosophical perspective emphasizes the role of experience in shaping knowledge?
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How does dualism describe the relationship between the mind and body?
How does dualism describe the relationship between the mind and body?
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What method did Wilhelm Wundt primarily use in his research?
What method did Wilhelm Wundt primarily use in his research?
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Which of the following statements best reflects the philosophical influence of Socrates and Plato on psychology?
Which of the following statements best reflects the philosophical influence of Socrates and Plato on psychology?
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What is a key component of Aristotle's view on knowledge acquisition?
What is a key component of Aristotle's view on knowledge acquisition?
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Who was the first female to be awarded a PhD in psychology?
Who was the first female to be awarded a PhD in psychology?
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In what year did Martha Bernal earn her doctoral degree in psychology?
In what year did Martha Bernal earn her doctoral degree in psychology?
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What significant contribution did Inez Beverly Prosser make in the field of psychology?
What significant contribution did Inez Beverly Prosser make in the field of psychology?
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What was the primary focus of Mary Whiton Calkins' research?
What was the primary focus of Mary Whiton Calkins' research?
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What unfortunate event occurred in the life of Inez Beverly Prosser?
What unfortunate event occurred in the life of Inez Beverly Prosser?
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Which psychological approach was primarily renamed and adapted by Titchener?
Which psychological approach was primarily renamed and adapted by Titchener?
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William James is known for emphasizing which aspect of behavior?
William James is known for emphasizing which aspect of behavior?
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Which concept of behavior was significantly influenced by Darwin's theories in the context of psychology?
Which concept of behavior was significantly influenced by Darwin's theories in the context of psychology?
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What did Titchener analyze in his approach to psychology?
What did Titchener analyze in his approach to psychology?
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What was a key contribution of William James to psychology?
What was a key contribution of William James to psychology?
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Which statement best describes the main goal of Titchener's structuralism?
Which statement best describes the main goal of Titchener's structuralism?
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How did William James's view on behavior differ from that of Titchener?
How did William James's view on behavior differ from that of Titchener?
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Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Structuralism as proposed by Titchener?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Structuralism as proposed by Titchener?
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What did Titchener's method of introspection depend on?
What did Titchener's method of introspection depend on?
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What did adaptation imply in the context of Darwin's influence on psychology?
What did adaptation imply in the context of Darwin's influence on psychology?
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What type of reflex was Pavlov primarily known for studying?
What type of reflex was Pavlov primarily known for studying?
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Which aspect of psychology did Watson argue should be emphasized?
Which aspect of psychology did Watson argue should be emphasized?
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How did Skinner contribute to the field of behaviorism?
How did Skinner contribute to the field of behaviorism?
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What is the fundamental principle that separates behaviorism from other psychological approaches?
What is the fundamental principle that separates behaviorism from other psychological approaches?
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Which experiment is associated with John Watson's behaviorist approach?
Which experiment is associated with John Watson's behaviorist approach?
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Which factor did Skinner identify as critical in modifying behavior?
Which factor did Skinner identify as critical in modifying behavior?
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Which of the following best describes classical conditioning?
Which of the following best describes classical conditioning?
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What did Skinner develop to conduct his behavioral experiments?
What did Skinner develop to conduct his behavioral experiments?
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What major contribution did Watson make to psychology?
What major contribution did Watson make to psychology?
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What key concept is associated with Skinner's approach to behavior?
What key concept is associated with Skinner's approach to behavior?
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What does the term 'Gestalt' primarily emphasize in psychology?
What does the term 'Gestalt' primarily emphasize in psychology?
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Which psychological approach focuses on the role of unconscious processes in shaping behavior?
Which psychological approach focuses on the role of unconscious processes in shaping behavior?
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Which approach is noted for establishing psychology as a scientific discipline through objective methods?
Which approach is noted for establishing psychology as a scientific discipline through objective methods?
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Who are the key figures associated with the development of Gestalt psychology?
Who are the key figures associated with the development of Gestalt psychology?
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What is the primary concern of functionalism in psychology?
What is the primary concern of functionalism in psychology?
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Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of psychoanalytic theory?
Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of psychoanalytic theory?
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What concept does the statement 'the whole is greater than the sum of its parts' refer to?
What concept does the statement 'the whole is greater than the sum of its parts' refer to?
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What was Freud primarily investigating in his studies of hysteria and neurosis?
What was Freud primarily investigating in his studies of hysteria and neurosis?
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Which of the following approaches challenges the introspective methods used in earlier psychological practices?
Which of the following approaches challenges the introspective methods used in earlier psychological practices?
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What is the role of unconscious processes as described by Freud?
What is the role of unconscious processes as described by Freud?
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Study Notes
Behaviorism
- Behaviorism focuses on studying overt behavior.
- Behaviorism dominated psychology in the 1920s to the present.
- Ivan Pavlov, JB Watson, and BF Skinner are prominent figures in the field.
- Pavlov studied classical conditioning through experiments with dogs and their salivation in response to food.
- Watson was a major proponent of shifting focus from the mind to behavior.
- Watson's famous experiment with Baby Albert demonstrated the possibility of learning fear through association.
- Skinner emphasized reinforcement and punishment as key factors in driving behavior.
- Skinner developed the Skinner Box to study how rewards and punishments can modify behavior.
Psychoanalysis
- Psychoanalysis emphasizes the importance of the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior.
- Sigmund Freud and his followers have significantly influenced psychoanalytic theory.
- Freud was interested in patients with hysteria and neurosis and believed their illnesses were rooted in their unconscious minds.
- Psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the role of a person's unconscious, as well as their childhood experiences.
Gestalt Psychology
- The word "Gestalt" roughly translates to "whole".
- The key principle of Gestalt psychology suggests that while experiences can be broken down into parts, the whole perception is greater than the sum of its parts.
- Gestalt psychology focuses on the relationship of the parts to each other and how they contribute to the overall experience.
- Wertheimer, Koffka, and Kohler were key figures in Gestalt Psychology.
- They emigrated to the US to escape Nazi Germany.
Structuralism
- Structuralism focuses on analyzing the basic elements of consciousness.
- Wilhelm Wundt is considered the founding father of structuralism.
- Wundt's approach, also known as "trained introspection," involved studying the subjective experiences of individuals
- Edward Titchener renamed Wundt's approach and analyzed sensations, feelings, and images.
Functionalism
- Functionalism focuses on understanding the purpose and function of behavior.
- William James was a key figure in this movement.
- James emphasized understanding the "how" and "why" of behavior, not just the "what."
- James was also interested in the causes and consequences of behavior.
- James was the first American psychologist and drew inspiration from Darwin's theories of evolution.
Influence of Charles Darwin
- Darwin’s theory of evolution through natural selection played a role in development of both functionalism and behaviorism.
- Darwin believed that organism characteristics are the result of adaptation for survival and reproduction.
- This influenced the functional approach of understanding the function of behavior in the world and the behaviorist approach of studying the effects of the environment on behavior.
Psychology Defined
- Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior
- Scientific method is used to objectively establish fact through empirical testing
- Hypothesis and theories are tested
Why Study Psychology
- Psychology students hone critical thinking skills
- Critical thinking is the active application of skills to information for understanding and evaluation
- Critical thinking skills are valuable in today's world full of competing "facts"
The History Of Psychology
- Socrates and Plato believed the mind was separate from the body and continued after death
- Aristotle suggested the soul and body are not separate and knowledge comes from experience
- Rene Descartes famous for "I think, therefore I am", believed mind and body function separately
- John Locke believed the mind is a blank slate at birth (tabula rasa)
Schools of Psychology
- Structuralism (Wilhelm Wundt) focuses on the basic elements of consciousness
- Functionalism (William James) focuses on the purpose of mental processes
- Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud) emphasizes the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior
- Gestalt focuses on how the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
- Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and learning through conditioning
Key Figures in Psychology
- Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology laboratory in 1879
- E.B. James proposed functionalism, focusing on the function of behavior
- Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, emphasizing the unconscious mind
- Ivan Pavlov studied classical conditioning, demonstrating how reflexes can be learned
- John B. Watson advocated for behaviorism, shifting focus to observable behaviors
- B.F. Skinner explored operant conditioning, using reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior
- Mary Whiton Calkins was the first female student at Harvard (1890) and the first female president of the APA (1905)
- Margaret Floy Washburn was the first woman to earn a PhD in psychology (1894)
- Martha Bernal was the first Latina to earn a doctorate in psychology (1962)
- Inez Beverly Prosser was the first African American woman to earn a PhD in psychology (1933)
Prescientific Psychology
- Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) theorized about psychology’s concepts.
- He suggested that the soul and body are not separate and that knowledge grows from experience.
- René Descartes (1596-1650) was a philosopher.
- He declared "I think, therefore I am."
- He proposed that the mind and body (brain) function separately, known as Dualism.
- John Locke (1632-1704) held that the mind is a tabula rasa (blank slate) at birth, and experience writes on it.
- Some ideas, like those argued by Socrates and Plato, are considered inborn.
Schools of Psychology
- The major schools of psychology include: Structuralism, Functionalism, Psychoanalysis, Gestalt, and Behaviourism.
Structuralism
- Wilhelm Wundt (Leipzig, Germany) established the first psychology laboratory in 1879.
- He studied reaction times and introspection (internal perception).
- Edward B. Titchener (1867-1927) renamed Wundt’s approach “trained” introspection.
- He analyzed sensations, feelings, and images.
Functionalism
- William James (1842-1910) emphasized the "how" and "why" of behavior instead of the "what".
- He focused on the causes and consequences of behavior and was the first American psychologist.
- He was inspired by Darwin's theories of evolution, examining how behavior is adaptive.
Psychoanalysis
- Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) and his followers emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior.
- Freud was fascinated by patients suffering from “hysteria” and neurosis, attributing their illnesses to problems in the unconscious mind.
- Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the role of a person's unconscious mind, including early childhood experiences.
Gestalt
- Gestalt roughly translates to "whole".
- It focuses on how individual parts of a sensory experience relate to each other as a whole.
- The main figures associated with the Gestalt school are Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka, who immigrated to the US to escape Nazi Germany.
- Gestalt psychology believes the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
- It is concerned with sensation and perception.
Behaviorism
- Behaviorism is largely responsible for establishing psychology as a scientific discipline through its objective methods, especially experimentation.
- It is used in behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapy.
- Ivan Pavlov studied a form of learning behavior called a conditioned reflex.
- He focused on salivation in response to the presence of food, also known as "classical conditioning".
- John B. Watson (1878-1958) emphasized the study of overt behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology.
- He is recognized for the "Little Albert" experiment.
- B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) emphasized reinforcement and punishment as major factors in driving behavior.
- He developed a chamber to study the principles of modifying behavior through reinforcement and punishment.
Female Pioneers in Psychology
- Mary Whiton Calkins, the first female student of William James in 1890, studied psychology at Harvard.
- She was offered a PhD from Radcliffe but declined.
- She became the first female president of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1905.
- Margaret Floy Washburn was the first woman awarded a PhD in Psychology in 1894.
- She studied under Titchener and her notable contribution was the book ‘The Animal Mind’.
- Martha Bernal was the first Latina to earn a doctoral degree in Psychology (1962).
- She conducted much of her research with Mexican American children.
- Inez Beverly Prosser was the first African American woman awarded a PhD in 1933.
- She tragically died in a car accident.
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Description
This quiz explores the key concepts of Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis in psychology, focusing on major figures like Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, and Freud. Understand how behavior was studied through classical conditioning, reinforcement, and the role of the unconscious mind. Test your knowledge on the theoretical shifts in psychology from behavior to mind.
