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Psychology Basics Quiz
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Psychology Basics Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'psychology' derive from?

  • Hebrew words for emotions and actions
  • French words for thought and action
  • Latin words for mind and behavior
  • Greek words for spirit and study (correct)

    • Psychology only focuses on overt behaviors.

    False

    What are the three ways of framing explanations in psychology?

    Psychological, Biological, and Environmental

    The study of the unobservable aspects of the mind is known as the _____ problem.

    <p>Mind Body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following early contributors to psychology with their contributions:

    <p>Greek Philosophers = Questions about morality and the mind Physiologists = Details about brain anatomy and behavior Ali ibn al-’Abbas al-majusi = Medieval studies on the mind and soul</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is associated with the theory of Operant Conditioning?

    <p>B.F. Skinner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive Psychology focuses solely on observable behavior.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Motor Neurons?

    <p>To carry commands to the muscles and organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is the process by which a stimulus in the environment elicits a physical response.

    <p>Classical Conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the psychologist to their area of study:

    <p>B.F. Skinner = Operant Conditioning Jean Piaget = Developmental Psychology Kurt Lewin = Social Behavior Max Wertheimer = Visual Perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Interneurons?

    <p>Connect one neuron to another within the same area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neuroscience is primarily focused on the study of behavior.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the state where there is a difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a neuron?

    <p>Polarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two systems that make up the nervous system are the ______ and ______ nervous systems.

    <p>central, peripheral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological approach studies how culture influences behavior?

    <p>Cultural Psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does dualism propose regarding the mind and body?

    <p>They are separate and different entities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Philosophical materialism states that mental events are independent of physical events.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the 'Father of Modern Psychology'?

    <p>Wilhelm Wundt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___ is the philosophical approach that emphasizes knowledge derived from sensory experience.

    <p>Empiricism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the philosophers to their contributions:

    <p>Rene Descartes = Dualism of mind and body Thomas Hobbes = Mind as a product of brain activity Immanuel Kant = Innate knowledge and experience John Locke = Focus on human mind's abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of functionalism as introduced by William James?

    <p>Understanding how the mind functions and its purpose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychoanalysis, founded by Sigmund Freud, emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which conditioning is associated with Ivan Pavlov?

    <p>Classical Conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___ is the term for the observable actions studied in behaviorism.

    <p>Behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does philosophical idealism suggest about perception?

    <p>It arises from how the brain interprets sensory information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the sodium-potassium pump's role in maintaining cell function?

    <p>Moves sodium ions out and potassium ions in.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Action potentials decrease in size as they travel down the axon.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neurotransmitters?

    <p>To carry messages across the synapse between neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ is the fatty insulating layer that speeds up signal transmission in neurons.

    <p>myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neurotransmitters with their effects:

    <p>Acetylcholine = Excitatory Gamma-aminobutyric acid = Inhibitory Glutamate = Excitatory Serotonin = Mood regulation Dopamine = Reward and pleasure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of channel is responsive to changes in electrical potential?

    <p>Gated ion channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperpolarization decreases the electrical charge across a membrane.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of neural summation?

    <p>Spatial summation and temporal summation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the _____ refractory period, a new action potential cannot occur regardless of stimulation strength.

    <p>absolute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary muscle control?

    <p>Somatic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glial cells play no role in supporting neurons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?

    <p>Central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excitation involves excitatory neurotransmitters that cause partial _____ of the neuron.

    <p>depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Dorsal = Toward the back Ventral = Toward the stomach Anterior = Toward the front Inferior = Below another structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nitrogen bases is NOT found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural selection operates only on traits that are heritable.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a phenotype?

    <p>Observable characteristics or traits displayed by an individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The basic unit of hereditary information is called a ______.

    <p>gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Genotype = Person's specific genetic makeup Mutation = Change in the DNA sequence Heritability = Variation attributed to genetic differences Natural Selection = Process maintaining beneficial traits in a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the heritability coefficient?

    <p>An estimate of how much of a characteristic is influenced by genetic differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epigenetics refers to changes in gene expression that are caused exclusively by genetic information.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define polygenic transmission.

    <p>When multiple gene pairs combine to create a single phenotypic trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In somatic cells, individuals possess ______ pairs of chromosomes.

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes natural selection?

    <p>Selection based on traits that enhance survivability and reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique uses a magnetic field to modify brain activity?

    <p>Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The amygdala helps in regulating metabolic rate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does fMRI detect in relation to brain activity?

    <p>Changes in blood oxygenation and blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ gland secretes melatonin to regulate sleep cycles.

    <p>pineal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following brain structures with their functions:

    <p>Amygdala = Processing emotions Hippocampus = Memory formation Cerebellum = Coordination and balance Hypothalamus = Regulating autonomic functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the spinal cord?

    <p>To carry information between the brain and body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is primarily used to detect electrical activity in the brain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the thalamus play in the brain's processing of sensory information?

    <p>Relay incoming sensory information to the appropriate cortex regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ measures electrical activity in the brain using electrodes.

    <p>Electroencephalography (EEG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the parts of the hindbrain with their functions:

    <p>Medulla = Controls heart activity and circulation Pons = Relay station for signals Cerebellum = Controls bodily coordination and balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region is involved in voluntary movement control?

    <p>Basal ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The adrenal glands primarily regulate sugar metabolism.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of scan provides a 2D picture of the brain based on X-ray absorption?

    <p>Computerized Tomography (CT or CAT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ lobe is primarily associated with visual processing.

    <p>occipital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the hormones with their respective glands:

    <p>Pituitary Hormones = Regulate growth and sex hormones Thyroid Hormones = Regulate metabolic rate Pancreas Hormones = Control sugar metabolism Adrenal Hormones = Regulate stress responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Terminology and Considerations

    • History of psychology is influenced by biases from gender norms, sexism, and racism.
    • "Psychology" combines Greek words for "spirit/soul" (psyche) and "study" (logos).

    Defining Psychology

    • Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior.
    • Mind refers to internal (covert) behaviors; behavior refers to external (overt) actions.

    Goals of Psychology

    • Measure and describe behavior: Identify behaviors, conditions, and frequency.
    • Explain and predict behavior: Understand triggers and reasons for behaviors.
    • Modify behavior: Increase desirable behavior and decrease undesirable behavior.

    Explanatory Frameworks

    • Psychological explanations focus on internal thoughts and emotions.
    • Biological explanations consider genes, hormones, and physiological processes.
    • Environmental explanations emphasize the impact of surroundings.

    Philosophical Roots

    • Ancient Greek philosophers examined morality and human nature.
    • Ali ibn al-‘Abbas al-majusi contributed to understanding mind-body interactions.

    Mind-Body Problem

    • The challenge of studying the unobservable mind and its relationship with behavior.
    • Dualism (Rene Descartes): Mind as a separate, non-physical entity; body as physical.
    • Monism (Thomas Hobbes): Mind is the product of brain activity; no separation.

    Realism vs. Idealism

    • Realism (John Locke): Perception is based on sensory information.
    • Idealism (Immanuel Kant): Perception is shaped by innate knowledge and experience.

    Empiricism vs. Nativism

    • Empiricism: Knowledge is gained through experience.
    • Nativism: Knowledge is innate and present from birth.

    Structuralism and Functionalism

    • Structuralism (Wilhelm Wundt): Uses scientific techniques to analyze the mind's structures.
    • Functionalism (William James): Investigates the purpose of mental processes, influenced by Darwin’s evolution theory.

    Modern Perspectives on Psychology

    • Psychodynamic: Focuses on unconscious influences (Sigmund Freud).
    • Behaviorism: Studies observable behavior and stimulus-response relationships (Pavlov, Watson, Skinner).
    • Gestalt Psychology: Examines perception and how the mind organizes stimuli (Wertheimer).
    • Developmental Psychology: Analyzes changes in psychological phenomena over time (Jean Piaget).
    • Social Psychology: Investigates group behavior and social influences (Kurt Lewin, Asch, Allport).
    • Cognitive Psychology: Focuses on mental processes; arose in the 1960s as a counter to behaviorism.
    • Evolutionary Psychology: Examines how natural selection affects mental abilities.
    • Neuroscience: Studies the brain's functions; includes cognitive and behavioral neuroscience.
    • Cultural Psychology: Explores the effects of culture on behavior.

    The Biological Component

    • Neurons: Specialized cells for transmitting information in the nervous system; essential for behavior.
    • Types of neurons: Motor neurons (commands to muscles), sensory neurons (inputs from the body), and interneurons (connect neurons).

    Neuron Functionality

    • Resting Potential: Difference in electrical charge across the neuron's membrane.
    • Action Potential: All-or-nothing electrical impulse that travels down the axon.
    • Myelin Sheath: Insulates axons, increasing signal transmission speed.

    The Synapse and Neurotransmitters

    • Synapse: Space between neurons where neurotransmitters are released.
    • Types of neurotransmitters: Excitatory (increase activity) and inhibitory (decrease activity).
    • Drugs: Agonists enhance receptor activity; antagonists reduce it.

    The Nervous System

    • Central Nervous System: Comprises the brain and spinal cord.
    • Peripheral Nervous System: Includes somatic (voluntary control) and autonomic (involuntary processes) systems.
    • Directional Terms: Dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, lateral, medial define positions in relation to body orientation.
    • Distinction: A nerve is a bundle of axons in the PNS; a tract is a bundle of axons in the CNS.

    Early Brain Study Advances

    • Development of microscopes and staining techniques improved understanding of neuron structures and functions.### Brain Activity Recording Techniques
    • Early 1900s saw advancements in methods to record brain electrical activity.
    • Damage studies involve lesioning specific brain areas to alleviate symptoms.
    • Prefrontal lobotomy disconnects frontal lobe from thalamus, with potential side effects on personality and behavior.
    • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) uses a metal coil to create magnetic fields, modifying brain activity; served as both a research and treatment tool.
    • Computerized Tomography (CT) generates enhanced 2D images of the brain using differential X-ray absorption, with low resolution of fine structures.
    • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) employs strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce clearer images of soft tissues than CT scans.
    • Functional MRI (fMRI) monitors blood oxygenation and flow, linked to neural activity; superior spatial and temporal resolution compared to PET scans.
    • Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) visualizes water movement to assess neural tract connectivity with high spatial resolution.
    • Positron Emission Tomography (PET) tracks radioactive material in the bloodstream, indicating brain activity through blood flow.
    • Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) measures blood oxygen changes through the skull, indirectly assessing brain activity.
    • Electroencephalography (EEG) records electrical activity from electrodes, offering excellent temporal resolution in milliseconds.

    Structure of the Central Nervous System

    • Spinal cord bundles carry information between the brain and body, with dorsal horns containing sensory nerve endings and ventral horns housing efferent nerve cell bodies.
    • The brain is divided into three main regions: hindbrain (vital functions), midbrain (reflex actions), and forebrain (complex functions).

    Hindbrain Functions

    • Medulla regulates heart rate, circulation, and breathing, while coordinating digestion.
    • Pons serves as a relay station between brain regions, coordinating signals for the cerebellum.
    • Cerebellum is crucial for coordination, balance, muscle tone, and procedural memory.

    Midbrain Components

    • Reticular formation regulates awareness, attention, and filters stimuli; it plays a role in arousal and sleep.
    • Superior and inferior colliculi are involved in visual and auditory processing, respectively.

    Forebrain Features

    • Basal ganglia control both voluntary and involuntary movement, comprising structures like the caudate nucleus and globus pallidus.
    • Limbic system influences emotion, memory and sexual behavior; includes the amygdala (fight-or-flight response), hippocampus (memory formation), and cingulate gyrus (attention and focus).
    • Thalamus relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex while filtering input.
    • Hypothalamus regulates autonomic functions, affecting hunger, temperature, and aggression.

    Geography of the Brain

    • Cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the brain, divided into four lobes: frontal (executive function), parietal (sensory integration), temporal (auditory processing), and occipital (visual).
    • Surface features include gyri (ridges), sulci (grooves), and large fissures that define brain regions.

    Genetics Overview

    • DNA is composed of nucleotides (A, T, G, C); genes are basic hereditary units instructing protein creation.
    • Genotype indicates an individual’s genetic blueprint, while phenotype reflects expressed traits influenced by genetics and environment.

    Genetic Mechanisms

    • Polygenic inheritance involves multiple gene pairs affecting a single trait; epigenetics refers to lasting gene expression changes not coded in the DNA.
    • DNA methylation and histone modification serve as mechanisms of gene regulation.

    Evolutionary Principles

    • Evolution defines gradual genetic trait changes in populations; natural selection favors traits enhancing survival and reproduction.
    • Variability due to mutations can lead to beneficial, neutral, or harmful changes in traits and organisms.

    Heritability and Genetic Relatedness

    • Genetic relatedness measures the proportion of shared genetics between relatives (e.g., parent-child = 50%).
    • Heritability assesses how much genetic differences contribute to trait variation in a population.
    • Family, adaptation, and twin studies elucidate genetic vs. environmental influences on traits, providing insights into inheritance patterns.

    Key Historical Contributions

    • Francis Galton conducted pioneering twin studies, establishing genetic contributions to traits by comparing monozygotic and dizygotic twins.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of psychology, including its origins, key concepts, and early contributors. This quiz will challenge your understanding of both observable behaviors and the unobservable aspects of the mind. Perfect for beginners in psychology.

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