Psychology Bandura's Reciprocal Determinism

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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of individuals who score high in openness?

They are often unreliable and spontaneous.

They are imaginative and creative. (correct)

They tend to be quiet and reserved.

They prefer routine and consistency.

Which trait correlates with being hardworking and self-controlled?

Agreeableness

Extraversion

Neuroticism

Conscientiousness (correct)

Individuals high in neuroticism are likely to be described as:

Temperamental and worrisome (correct)

Easygoing and trusting

Calm and stable

Adventurous and assertive

What does the trait of agreeableness reflect?

The ability to get along well with others. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by congruence in the context of humanistic therapy?

The therapist's authentic and genuine approach. Signup and view all the answers

Extraversion is characterized by which of the following?

Being talkative and sociable. Signup and view all the answers

People who score low in conscientiousness may tend to be:

Unreliable and lazy. Signup and view all the answers

What does Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism describe?

The interplay between environment, behavior, and cognitive factors. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Eysenck's Trait Theory categorize personality into?

Big Five personality traits. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of self-efficacy, individuals with low self-efficacy are likely to do what?

Avoid attempts at tasks they expect to fail. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the self-system according to Bandura?

A dynamic set of cognitions used to evaluate external stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What is repression in the context of defense mechanisms?

Ignoring or trying to forget threatening impulses. Signup and view all the answers

How can self-efficacy impact success in specific domains?

It influences the belief in one's ability to succeed. Signup and view all the answers

What could happen if high self-efficacy is not matched with realistic skill evaluation?

Believing in one’s abilities does not ensure success. Signup and view all the answers

What role does environment play within reciprocal determinism?

It shapes the choice of behaviors and thoughts based on individual perceptions. Signup and view all the answers

Which defense mechanism is characterized by converting unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable actions?

Sublimation Signup and view all the answers

What are auditory hallucinations often accompanied by?

Disorganized thinking Signup and view all the answers

What is flat affect characterized by?

Diminished emotional expression Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of PTSD?

Avolition Signup and view all the answers

What are arousal and reactivity symptoms in PTSD?

Constant feelings of tension and irritability Signup and view all the answers

Major Depressive Disorder includes suicidal behavior. Which other main symptom is characteristic of this disorder?

Loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities Signup and view all the answers

Alogia refers to which of the following?

Reduction in speech output Signup and view all the answers

What types of disturbances can be classified as hallucinations?

Auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, and tactile disturbances Signup and view all the answers

What does avolition imply in terms of behavior?

Decreased motivation for activities Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is NOT typically associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD)?

Compulsive handwashing Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the behaviors of someone with a hoarding disorder?

Difficulty getting rid of useless items Signup and view all the answers

What is a major feature of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

Recurrent unwanted intrusive thoughts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about somatic symptom disorders is true?

They involve an intense preoccupation with physical illness Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy technique involves an ongoing conversation with someone who is not physically present?

Empty Chair Technique Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary behavioral characteristics of binge eating disorder?

Inability to stop eating despite fullness Signup and view all the answers

Antisocial personality disorder is primarily characterized by which of the following?

Lack of empathy and disregard for others Signup and view all the answers

In Gestalt therapy, what aspect of therapy is emphasized?

Understanding the client as a whole Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy?

Solving current problems Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an assumption of Psychoanalysis?

Psychological disorders stem from unconscious anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What technique does Dr. Khislavsky require his clients to use?

Keeping records of thoughts and emotions Signup and view all the answers

How do Person-centered therapists show acceptance towards clients?

They demonstrate unconditional positive regard Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of Humanistic Therapy?

To develop a healthier sense of identity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction of Systematic Desensitization compared to flooding?

Systematic Desensitization uses relaxation techniques Signup and view all the answers

What does Cognitive Therapy focus on changing?

Maladaptive thoughts Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using relaxation skills in Systematic Desensitization?

To reduce anxiety responses to stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What is flooding as a therapeutic technique?

Exposure to an anxiety-provoking stimulus without escape until relaxation occurs. Signup and view all the answers

Which professional is typically authorized to prescribe medication?

Psychiatrist Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes clinical psychologists from counseling psychologists?

Clinical psychologists usually treat individuals with more severe mental health concerns. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding psychiatric nurse practitioners?

They have advanced nursing training and may prescribe medication in many states. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the role of a clinical social worker?

They complete a master’s degree and provide mental health care in various settings. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about mental health counselors is accurate?

They usually hold a master’s degree, providing assessment and counseling. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of therapists in mental health?

To assess and treat psychological disorders. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a psychologist's approach to their field?

They are considered 'scientist-practitioners' integrating research with clinical practice. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bandura's Reciprocal Determinism

Bandura's Reciprocal Determinism describes how cognitive factors, environment, and behavior affect each other.
The self-system, a set of cognitions, observes and evaluates external stimuli. It helps regulate behavior in various situations.
Bandura believed that personality is the product of the constant interaction between environment, behavior and thoughts. This is called reciprocal determinism.
Choices about environments and attributions, goals, values, and perceptions influence behavior and how we think.
Behavior influences the environment as well as our thinking processes.
Self-efficacy is a critical cognitive element in this interaction. It is an individual's expectation of success in different situations.

Defense Mechanisms

Defense mechanisms are unconscious mental processes that mask anxiety and disguise the source of tension.
Sublimation involves channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities.
Reaction formation is expressing the opposite of unacceptable thoughts or desires.
Displacement involves shifting unwanted feelings from a threatening person to a less threatening person.
Rationalization is creating a seemingly acceptable explanation for behavior instead of admitting the true cause.
Repression is removing threatening impulses from conscious awareness.

Id/Ego/Superego

The id operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of desires and needs. It operates completely unconsciously, without any direct contact with the external world or conscious awareness.
The ego operates on the reality principle. It balances the id's demands with the demands of reality to satisfy the id's needs in a realistic way.
The superego represents internalized societal and parental standards of morality and judgment.

Objective vs. Projective Personality assessment

Projective techniques present ambiguous stimuli. Individuals reveal their needs, feelings, experiences, and thought processes through their interpretations.
Objective assessments utilize standardized questions to test personality traits, comparing responses to established norms.

Key Personality Traits

Openness- individuals' desire for creativity, intelligence, diversity, and new ideas.
Conscientiousness - individuals' carefulness, orderliness, responsibility, reliability and self-control.
Extraversion – individuals' sociability, assertiveness, activity, and outgoing nature.
Agreeableness - individuals' kindness, trustworthiness, helpfulness, and cooperation.
Neuroticism – individuals' calmness, stability, and tendency to experience emotional distress and irritability.

Humanistic Theories (Carl Rogers)

Humanistic theories focus on self-actualization – the drive to develop one's potential.
Congruence (genuineness and authenticity) is crucial in therapy. Matching words and nonverbal behavior is important for success.
Rogers believed that providing acceptance and unconditional positive regard could help clients to achieve self-actualization and a healthier sense of identity.

Internal locus of control – the belief that one has influence over events in one's own life.
External locus of control – the belief that external factors determine the course of one's life.

Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders

Dissociative identity disorder is characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states.
Other dissociative disorders involve disruptions in memory, emotions, identity, perception, or behavior.
Bipolar disorders involve extreme fluctuations in mood.
Schizophrenia is characterized by various symptoms that interfere with thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors.

Treatment of Psychological Disorders

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps modify maladaptive thoughts and beliefs.
Psychodynamic therapy explores unconscious conflicts and past experiences.
Humanistic therapy emphasizes personal growth and self-actualization.

Mental Health Professionals

Psychiatrists- physicians with specialized training in mental health.
Psychologists- experts in psychology, usually with a doctorate.
Psychiatric nurses- nurses with advanced training in mental health conditions.
Social workers- mental health professionals with a masters degree.
Clinical social workers, therapists, counselors- Masters-level professionals trained to provide mental health treatment

Other Key Terms

Mental disorders are deviations from the norm.
Diagnosis involves the identification of specific mental disorders.

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Description

Explore the key concepts of Bandura's Reciprocal Determinism and Defense Mechanisms in psychology. This quiz will test your understanding of how cognitive factors, environment, and behavior interact, along with the role of self-efficacy and defense mechanisms. Prepare to deepen your knowledge of these essential psychological theories.