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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of selective attention?
Which type of processing is more influenced by prior knowledge and expectations?
What is the primary function of working memory?
Which type of learning involves the association of stimuli with responses?
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What is the component of language that deals with the sound system?
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What is the problem-solving strategy that involves using rules of thumb and mental shortcuts?
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What is the cognitive process that can lead to errors in decision-making?
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What is the primary function of divided attention?
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What is the primary purpose of the encoding stage in memory?
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Which type of memory has a limited capacity and holds information for seconds to minutes?
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What is the primary function of the semantics component of language?
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Which language processing model suggests that language processing occurs through parallel processing of language components?
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What is the primary characteristic of well-defined problems?
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Which problem-solving strategy involves breaking down complex problems into smaller sub-problems?
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What is the factor that influences problem-solving performance and is driven by incentives and motivation?
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Which type of memory is a brief storage of sensory information?
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Study Notes
Attention
- Selective focus on specific stimuli or tasks while ignoring others
- Types:
- Sustained attention: maintaining focus over a prolonged period
- Selective attention: focusing on specific stimuli or tasks
- Alternating attention: switching focus between two or more tasks
- Divided attention: processing multiple sources of information simultaneously
Perception
- Process of interpreting and organizing sensory information
- Influenced by:
- Bottom-up processing: analysis of raw sensory data
- Top-down processing: use of prior knowledge and expectations to shape perception
- Prior experiences and expectations
- Attention and motivation
Memory
- Storage and retrieval of information
- Types:
- Sensory memory: brief storage of sensory information
- Short-term memory: limited capacity, information forgotten unless rehearsed
- Long-term memory: permanent storage of information
- Working memory: temporary storage and manipulation of information
Learning
- Acquisition of new knowledge, skills, or behaviors
- Types:
- Classical conditioning: association of stimuli with responses
- Operant conditioning: consequences of behavior influence learning
- Social learning: learning through observation and imitation
Language
- System of communication using symbols, words, and rules
- Components:
- Phonology: sound system
- Morphology: structure of words
- Syntax: rules of sentence formation
- Semantics: meaning of words and sentences
Problem-Solving
- Cognitive process of identifying and resolving problems
- Strategies:
- Algorithmic approach: step-by-step procedure
- Heuristic approach: rules of thumb and mental shortcuts
- Insight approach: sudden understanding of a solution
Decision-Making
- Process of selecting a course of action
- Influenced by:
- Cognitive biases: mental shortcuts that can lead to errors
- Emotional factors: emotional state and personal values
- Contextual factors: environmental and social influences
Attention
- Attention is the selective focus on specific stimuli or tasks while ignoring others.
- There are four types of attention: sustained, selective, alternating, and divided attention.
- Sustained attention involves maintaining focus over a prolonged period.
- Selective attention involves focusing on specific stimuli or tasks.
- Alternating attention involves switching focus between two or more tasks.
- Divided attention involves processing multiple sources of information simultaneously.
Perception
- Perception is the process of interpreting and organizing sensory information.
- Perception is influenced by bottom-up processing, which involves the analysis of raw sensory data.
- Top-down processing, which involves the use of prior knowledge and expectations, also influences perception.
- Prior experiences and expectations, as well as attention and motivation, also shape perception.
Memory
- Memory refers to the storage and retrieval of information.
- There are four types of memory: sensory, short-term, long-term, and working memory.
- Sensory memory involves the brief storage of sensory information.
- Short-term memory has limited capacity and information is forgotten unless rehearsed.
- Long-term memory involves the permanent storage of information.
- Working memory involves the temporary storage and manipulation of information.
Learning
- Learning is the acquisition of new knowledge, skills, or behaviors.
- There are three types of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning.
- Classical conditioning involves the association of stimuli with responses.
- Operant conditioning involves the consequences of behavior influencing learning.
- Social learning involves learning through observation and imitation.
Language
- Language is a system of communication using symbols, words, and rules.
- Language has four components: phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics.
- Phonology refers to the sound system of language.
- Morphology refers to the structure of words.
- Syntax refers to the rules of sentence formation.
- Semantics refers to the meaning of words and sentences.
Problem-Solving
- Problem-solving is the cognitive process of identifying and resolving problems.
- There are three strategies for problem-solving: algorithmic, heuristic, and insight.
- The algorithmic approach involves a step-by-step procedure.
- The heuristic approach involves the use of rules of thumb and mental shortcuts.
- The insight approach involves a sudden understanding of a solution.
Decision-Making
- Decision-making is the process of selecting a course of action.
- Decision-making is influenced by cognitive biases, which can lead to errors.
- Emotional factors, such as emotional state and personal values, also influence decision-making.
- Contextual factors, such as environmental and social influences, also play a role in decision-making.
Cognitive Processes
Memory
- Three types of memory: Sensory Memory (brief storage of sensory info), Short-Term Memory (limited capacity, info held for seconds to minutes), and Long-Term Memory (permanent storage, info held indefinitely)
- Memory stages: Encoding (info enters memory), Storage (info is retained), and Retrieval (info is accessed)
- Levels of Processing model: distinguishes between shallow (structural) and deep (semantic) processing
- Atkinson-Shiffrin model: a multi-store model of memory that includes sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
Language Processing
- Four language components: Phonology (sound system of language), Morphology (structure of words), Syntax (sentence structure), and Semantics (meaning of language)
- Language processing stages: Perception (sound waves are detected), Encoding (sound waves are interpreted), and Comprehension (meaning is extracted)
- Interactive Activation model: a model of language processing that involves parallel processing of language components
- Good Enough model: a model of language processing that involves heuristic processing and is more efficient but less accurate
Problem-Solving
- Two types of problems: Well-Defined Problems (clear goals, solutions, and constraints) and Ill-Defined Problems (unclear goals, solutions, or constraints)
- Problem-solving strategies: Analogies (using past experiences to solve new problems), Divide and Conquer (breaking down complex problems), and Working Backwards (starting with the goal and working backwards)
- Factors influencing problem-solving: Motivation (incentives and motivation influence problem-solving performance) and Expertise (domain-specific knowledge and experience impact problem-solving ability)
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Description
This quiz covers the concepts of attention and perception in psychology, including types of attention and factors influencing perception. Test your knowledge of these fundamental psychology topics!
