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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of selective attention?
What is the main difference between bottom-up and top-down processing?
What is the primary function of working memory?
What is the main characteristic of classical conditioning?
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What is the primary function of phonology?
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What is the main characteristic of heuristic thinking?
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What is the primary influence of cognitive biases on decision-making?
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What is the primary function of divided attention?
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What is the main difference between sensory memory and short-term memory?
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What is the primary function of pragmatics?
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Study Notes
Cognitive Processes
Attention
- Selective focus on certain stimuli or tasks while ignoring others
- Types:
- Sustained attention: prolonged focus on a single task
- Selective attention: focusing on specific stimuli or tasks while ignoring others
- Alternating attention: switching between two or more tasks
- Divided attention: processing multiple sources of information simultaneously
Perception
- The process of interpreting and organizing sensory information
- Bottom-up processing: focus on individual components of a stimulus
- Top-down processing: influence of prior knowledge and expectations on perception
Memory
- The process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information
- Types:
- Sensory memory: brief storage of sensory information
- Short-term memory: limited capacity, information lost unless rehearsed
- Long-term memory: permanent storage of information
- Working memory: temporary holding and manipulation of information
Learning
- The process of acquiring new knowledge or behaviors
- Types:
- Classical conditioning: association between stimuli and responses
- Operant conditioning: behavior modification through reinforcement or punishment
- Social learning: learning through observation and imitation
Language
- The system of communication using words, symbols, and signs
- Components:
- Phonology: sound system of a language
- Syntax: rules governing sentence structure
- Semantics: meaning of words and sentences
- Pragmatics: social context of language use
Problem-Solving
- The process of identifying and resolving problems
- Strategies:
- Algorithmic thinking: step-by-step approach
- Heuristics: mental shortcuts and rules of thumb
- Insight: sudden, intuitive understanding of a problem
Decision-Making
- The process of selecting a course of action from available options
- Factors influencing decision-making:
- Cognitive biases: systematic errors in thinking
- Emotions: influence of emotional states on decision-making
- Context: social and environmental factors affecting decision-making
Cognitive Processes
Attention
- Attention involves selectively focusing on certain stimuli or tasks while ignoring others
- There are four types of attention: sustained, selective, alternating, and divided
- Sustained attention involves prolonged focus on a single task
- Selective attention involves focusing on specific stimuli or tasks while ignoring others
- Alternating attention involves switching between two or more tasks
- Divided attention involves processing multiple sources of information simultaneously
Perception
- Perception is the process of interpreting and organizing sensory information
- There are two types of processing: bottom-up and top-down
- Bottom-up processing focuses on individual components of a stimulus
- Top-down processing involves the influence of prior knowledge and expectations on perception
Memory
- Memory involves the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information
- There are four types of memory: sensory, short-term, long-term, and working
- Sensory memory involves brief storage of sensory information
- Short-term memory has limited capacity and information is lost unless rehearsed
- Long-term memory involves permanent storage of information
- Working memory involves temporary holding and manipulation of information
Learning
- Learning involves the process of acquiring new knowledge or behaviors
- There are three types of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning
- Classical conditioning involves association between stimuli and responses
- Operant conditioning involves behavior modification through reinforcement or punishment
- Social learning involves learning through observation and imitation
Language
- Language is the system of communication using words, symbols, and signs
- Language has four components: phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics
- Phonology involves the sound system of a language
- Syntax involves the rules governing sentence structure
- Semantics involves the meaning of words and sentences
- Pragmatics involves the social context of language use
Problem-Solving
- Problem-solving involves the process of identifying and resolving problems
- There are three strategies for problem-solving: algorithmic thinking, heuristics, and insight
- Algorithmic thinking involves a step-by-step approach
- Heuristics involve mental shortcuts and rules of thumb
- Insight involves sudden, intuitive understanding of a problem
Decision-Making
- Decision-making involves selecting a course of action from available options
- Three factors that influence decision-making are cognitive biases, emotions, and context
- Cognitive biases involve systematic errors in thinking
- Emotions involve the influence of emotional states on decision-making
- Context involves social and environmental factors affecting decision-making
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Description
This quiz covers cognitive processes, including attention and perception. Learn about different types of attention and the process of interpreting sensory information.
