Psychology Attachment Styles and Criminal Behavior
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Questions and Answers

Which type of insecure attachment is characterized by a fear of abandonment and clinginess in children?

  • Avoidant attachment
  • Disorganised attachment
  • Secure attachment
  • Anxious attachment (correct)

    • Children with avoidant attachment are likely to develop strong empathy and emotional connections.

    False

    What character trait, described by Eysenck, is associated with insensitivity and emotional coldness?

    Psychoticism

    The behavior patterns stemming from disrupted caregiver-child relationships can lead to __________ coping mechanisms.

    <p>maladaptive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of attachment with its corresponding behavior or outcome:

    <p>Avoidant attachment = Lack of empathy and emotional connection Anxious attachment = Clinginess and impulsive behaviors Disorganised attachment = Emotional dysregulation and aggression Secure attachment = Healthy relationships and emotional regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of attachment is likely to lead to difficulties in emotional regulation and an increased risk of violent crimes?

    <p>Disorganised attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Higher scores in extraversion are consistently linked to higher rates of offending.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three insecure attachment styles linked to behaviors associated with criminality?

    <p>Anxious, Avoidant, Disorganised</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of criminal profiling?

    <p>To analyze crime scene behavior and provide investigative strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Investigative psychology techniques do not connect offenders' daily behaviors to their crimes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one method of forensic interviewing mentioned in the content.

    <p>Enhanced cognitive interviewing, PEACE model, or Reid technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lack of __________ limits the operational effectiveness of offender profiling.

    <p>standardization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the interviewing methods with their descriptions:

    <p>Enhanced cognitive interviewing = Focuses on improving memory recall PEACE model = Structured interviewing technique Reid technique = Confrontational approach often criticized for reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a critique of criminal profiling?

    <p>It lacks standardization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An effective interviewer requires knowledge of the psychology of interviewing and memory.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of deficient interviewing mentioned in the content?

    <p>Innocent individuals may be convicted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methodologies is NOT mentioned as part of criminal profiling?

    <p>Criminal Behavior Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Criminal profiling has been fully validated through empirical evidence.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the assumption of 'homology' in criminal profiling suggest?

    <p>Offenders with similar behaviors share traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The practice of criminal profiling aims to deduce an offender's characteristics based on _____ analysis.

    <p>crime scene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms associated with criminal profiling to their definitions:

    <p>Homology = Similarity in offender traits Behavioral consistency = Similar behavior across crimes Behavioral differentiation = Distinct behaviors among offenders Psychopathology = Mental health issues evident in crimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of crime is criminal profiling most useful according to the text?

    <p>Offenses showing evidence of psychopathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The methods of profiling are primarily intuitive and not based on data.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge exists in validating criminal profiling accuracy?

    <p>Defining appropriate measures of validity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of enhanced cognitive interviewing?

    <p>To enhance witness memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Witness recollections are always completely accurate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one of the four steps utilized in the cognitive interview technique.

    <p>The subject recalls everything they remember.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cognitive interview allows the witness to report events from a different _____ perspective.

    <p>person's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following steps of the cognitive interview with their descriptions:

    <p>Recalling everything = Witness shares all details without interruption Context reinstatement = Recreating the environment where the event occurred Changing order = Reporting events in a different sequence Changing perspective = Considering the event from other viewpoints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major goal of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for offenders?

    <p>To restructure distorted thinking patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following techniques is NOT part of the cognitive interview process?

    <p>Interrogating the witness aggressively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychological interventions have shown a significant reduction in recidivism across all studies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Changing the perspective can help witnesses recall how others were acting during the crime.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of communities show promise for fostering rehabilitation among offenders?

    <p>Therapeutic communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Static assessment tools are valuable for predicting long-term recidivism based on ______ factors.

    <p>unchangeable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does changing the order of events during questioning have on a witness's recollection?

    <p>It may help the witness remember forgotten details and improve accuracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a limitation of therapeutic communities?

    <p>Resource limitations constrain their scalability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following assessment tools with their focus:

    <p>Static-99R = Static risk factors like prior convictions Stable-2007 = Dynamic risk factors like impulsivity SVR-20 = Structured Professional Judgment incorporating clinical expertise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pharmacological treatments should be used in isolation to avoid dependency on physiological changes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a method that aims to directly address deviant arousal among offenders.

    <p>Aversion therapy or orgasmic reconditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of the Reid technique?

    <p>Eliciting a confession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Female sex offenders make up over 10% of sexual offenders.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason for the under-reporting of female sexual offenders?

    <p>Gender bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Reid technique is criticized for focusing primarily on __________, rather than the well-being of the interviewee.

    <p>confessions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the reasons for under-reporting of female sexual offenders with their explanations:

    <p>Difficulty in disclosure = Children may find it hard to communicate the abuse. Gender biases = Sexual behaviors by women are often dismissed as less serious. Lack of evidence = Female sexual abuse often lacks physical indicators. Embarrassment of male victims = Male victims may be reluctant to report abuse by females.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main reasons innocent individuals might admit guilt during interrogations?

    <p>To avoid distress from questioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    False confessions can occur due to leading questions and confusion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method considered more effective in obtaining information ethically?

    <p>Rapport-building</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Criminal Offending Theories

    • Criminal offending is a complex interplay of situational, environmental, psychological, and developmental factors.
    • Risk factors like substance misuse and dysfunctional family environments contribute to offending, while protective factors like stable relationships decrease risk.
    • Understanding criminal behavior requires analyzing how these influences interact.

    Rational Choice Theory

    • Offenders weigh the potential benefits and risks of committing a crime.
    • Factors considered include the value of potential targets, the presence of security measures, and ease of access.
    • Crime prevention efforts (improving security) can reduce opportunities.
    • Critiques of this theory include its oversimplification of criminal decision-making, overlooking impulsive behavior, emotion, and social influences.

    Routine Activities Theory

    • Crime requires a motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of capable guardianship.
    • Routine activities create opportunities for crime.
    • For example, a crowded area with limited surveillance increases the risk of pickpocketing.
    • This theory highlights the importance of environmental factors in creating crime opportunities, but it downplays structural factors like poverty.

    Broken Windows Theory

    • Visible signs of disorder (e.g., vandalism) signal to potential offenders that crime is tolerated in a community.
    • Neglecting minor infractions can lead to more serious criminal activity.
    • Associated with zero-tolerance policing strategies, focusing on minor offenses, but critiques criticize this for ignoring root causes and disproportionately targeting marginalized communities.

    Attachment Theory

    • Early caregiver relationships significantly shape emotional, social, and moral development.
    • Four attachment styles (secure, anxious, avoidant, and disorganized) influence later behavior.
    • Insecure attachments (anxious, avoidant, disorganized) are linked to various criminal behaviors, including violent, sexual, and delinquent offenses.
    • Attachment experiences directly impact personality development and future behavior, influencing the likelihood of criminal activity.

    Personality and Personal Characteristics

    • Eysenck's theory integrates biological, learning, and personality factors to explain criminal behavior.
    • Individuals high in extraversion (E), neuroticism (N), and psychoticism (P) are more prone to delinquency.
    • High P scores are linked to offending (insensitivity, cruelty, emotional coldness), while E is more mixed. Neuroticism is often elevated in offenders.
    • Personality traits like impulsivity, sensation-seeking, risky behavior contribute to offending.

    Criminal Profiling as Investigative Tool

    • Criminal profiling aims to deduce offender characteristics based on crime scene analysis.
    • It involves methods like the FBI's organized/disorganized typology, investigative psychology, and behavioral evidence analysis.
    • Traditional profiling assumes behavioral consistency and differentiation across crimes, while contemporary methods place less emphasis on this.
    • Critics question its lack of empirical validation and potential for circular reasoning.

    Forensic Interviewing Methods

    • Forensic interviewing is crucial for gathering information and evidence.
    • Enhanced Cognitive Interview, PEACE model, and Reid technique are three common methods.
    • Enhanced Cognitive Interview focuses on maximizing witness recall by reconstructing the context and order of events.
    • The PEACE model is more ethically sound, and avoids the highly confrontational tactics sometimes seen in the Reid technique.
    • The Reid technique is highly criticized due to its potential for eliciting false confessions.

    Female Sexual Offenders

    • Reported cases of female sexual offenders are significantly lower than that of males.
    • Possible explanations for this low reporting include underreporting, gender bias, and difficulties children have in disclosing abuse.
    • Female offenders are often found to abuse children within family structures more than strangers.
    • Gender bias and recognition barriers make it harder for communities to perceive their abuse as serious and their cases taken seriously.
    • Internet communities provide a space for support and justification, reinforcing harmful behavior.

    Sexual Offender Treatment

    • Treatment aims to reduce recidivism and enhance public safety by combining psychological interventions, risk assessments, and interagency collaboration.
    • Common approaches include CBT, relapse prevention, and therapy communities.
    • Risk assessment tools, like Static-99R and SVR-20, are used to assess risk levels.
    • Limitations of treatment include variations in outcomes, ethical concerns with some techniques like aversion therapy, and the need for continuity between institutional and community support.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the concepts of insecure attachment styles and their connections to emotional regulation and criminal behavior. It covers different attachment types, their characteristics, and implications for psychological outcomes. Test your knowledge on how these attachment styles can influence behaviors and criminality.

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