Psychology at Work - Exam Notes
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of including a lie scale in surveys?

  • To increase the length of the survey
  • To analyze cultural biases in responses
  • To measure a person's intelligence
  • To detect dishonest or overly favorable responses (correct)

    • What is an example of acquiescence in survey responses?

  • Agreeing to every statement regardless of its content (correct)
  • Disregarding the instructions given
  • Responding specifically to each item
  • Choosing the middle option on a scale

    • Which of the following could negatively impact the validity of test results?

  • The test being culturally relevant
  • Improper or prejudiced questions (correct)
  • The test being conducted in a controlled environment
  • High motivation levels among participants

    • What behavior is described by extreme responses in survey items?

    <p>Consistently selecting the most extreme options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is NOT likely to affect the acceptance of test results?

    <p>Transparency in test processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of conflict?

    <p>Working conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage in the team development process?

    <p>Forming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT typically affect group performance?

    <p>Individual opinions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of analysis focuses on understanding the organizational environment?

    <p>Organizational analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential reason for training within an organization?

    <p>To assist in learning new roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a type of team?

    <p>Advisory teams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors would NOT typically lead to a lack of trust within a team?

    <p>Empowerment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option best describes the importance of conducting a needs analysis for training?

    <p>To identify gaps in employee performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Taylorism in the workplace?

    <p>Maximizing efficiency through scientific management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a key finding from the Hawthorne Studies?

    <p>Social factors play a major role in productivity and morale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of analysis do I/O Psychologists use to inform decisions?

    <p>Statistical analysis based on research methodologies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the Rational-Legal Model according to Max Weber?

    <p>Clear roles and hierarchical authority structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Industrial/Personnel Psychologists primarily emphasize?

    <p>Micro analysis of individual behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which century saw the development of Testing for Selection and Assignment during wartime?

    <p>20th Century</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Hawthorne Effect' describe?

    <p>Behavior changes from employees being observed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would be included in a job description?

    <p>Job title and summary of responsibilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Job Analysis (JA)?

    <p>To define each job in terms of the behaviors necessary to perform it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a use of Job Analysis?

    <p>Market Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does KSAO stand for in Job Analysis?

    <p>Knowledge, Skills, Abilities, Other attributes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT utilized for conducting Job Analyses?

    <p>Market Surveys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential factor that improves the validity of selection techniques in Job Analysis?

    <p>Utilizing tests based on Job Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key aspect of Job Context in Job Analysis?

    <p>Environmental and situational factors influencing job performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the first steps in the Job Analysis process?

    <p>Identify Tasks Performed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is least likely to be a consideration during the pre-job analysis stage?

    <p>Selection of Compensation Packages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of test focuses specifically on job-related abilities?

    <p>Job specific abilities/aptitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes norm-referenced interpretation from other types of test interpretations?

    <p>It evaluates the individual's performance against a group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Horn and Cattell’s theory, which type of intelligence involves the use of learned knowledge and experience?

    <p>Crystallised intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality assessment approach emphasizes the unique experiences of individuals?

    <p>Idiographic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a characteristic of psychometric methods of personality assessment?

    <p>Qualitative analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which common cognitive ability test is known for evaluating critical thinking skills?

    <p>Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following theories was proposed by Spearman regarding intelligence?

    <p>Two-factor theory (G&amp;S)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dimension does Eysenck's Type Theory NOT include?

    <p>Conscientiousness – Laxity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of individuals with a fast life history strategy?

    <p>Exhibit impulsivity and manipulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits is associated with a slow life history strategy?

    <p>Social dominance and leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are dark triad traits viewed in the context of life history theory?

    <p>Through an evolutionary lens with mixed benefits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a positive aspect of psychopathy in the workplace?

    <p>Willingness to collaborate with others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding Machiavellianism is true?

    <p>It condones gaining from other people's weaknesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What negative behavior is often associated with individuals exhibiting psychopathic traits in the workplace?

    <p>Withholding information impacting performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might traits associated with a fast life history strategy be advantageous in high-risk environments?

    <p>They maximize reproductive success despite resource scarcity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of successful psychopaths?

    <p>Difficulty in taking risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does organizational culture moderate the effects of psychopathy in the workplace?

    <p>It enhances positive work behaviors and reduces conflicts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about dark triad traits?

    <p>They may offer potential survival benefits in certain scenarios</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Psychology at Work - Exam Notes

    • Introduction & Job Analysis:
      • Individuals spend one-third of their life at work.
      • Workplace mental health issues cost AU$39 billion annually.
      • Understanding the effects of environmental factors on organizational efficiency is critical.
    • History of Organizational Psychology:
      • I/O Psychologists employ a scientist-practitioner model, combining research and practical application.
      • Research informs practice; practice guides research in organizational psychology.
      • Advocates for evidence-based decision-making in industrial and organizational sectors.
      • Personnel psychology (HRM focused)
      • Organizational psychology
      • Human Factors/Ergonomics
      • Key historical events like the establishment of psychology labs in Leipzig (1879), the early 1900s start of I/O Psychology, WW1 testing/selection, the Hawthorne studies (1920s/30s), and the Equal Pay Act with the Civil Rights Act (1960s) significantly shaped the field.
    • Job Analysis:
      • A systematic method for gathering information about job requirements.
      • Used for:
        • Employee selection
        • Training and performance management
      • Key elements:
        • Job description (job title, duties, location, machines, etc)
        • Job specification (education, experience, skills, emotional characteristics, responsibilities, training requirements, tools etc)
    • Job Analysis Methods:
      • Alternative Methods:
        • Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ)
        • Job Elements Inventory (JEI)
        • Job Structure Profile (JSP)
        • Job Components Inventory (JCI)
        • Functional Job Analysis (FJA)
        • Occupational Information Network (O*NET)
        • Critical Incident Technique (CIT)
        • Threshold Traits Analysis (TTA)
        • Fleishman Job Analysis Survey (F-JAS)
        • Job Adaptability Inventory (JAI)
        • Personal-related position requirements form (PPRF)
    • Assessment Centers:
      • Methods for evaluating a wide range of skills and attributes.
    • Job analysis - The 5 Steps
      • Identify tasks performed (information gathering)
      • Write task statements (action(s) and objects(s))
      • Rate task statements
      • Determine essential KSAOs (knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics required)
      • Select tests to measure KSAO's.
    • Validity in Job Analysis
      • Improves selection technique validity
      • Relevant for training and development.
      • May need to identify policy changes
    • Psychometric Testing (Cognitive Ability vs. Aptitude) - Types of tests:
      • Administrative (group/individual)
      • Content (general/job-specific)
      • Personality inventories (norm-referenced, person-referenced, criterion-referenced)
      • General cognitive ability and specific aptitude tests (Spearman, Burt & Vernon tests)
    • Personality Inventories:
      • Cattel's 16 Factors
      • The Big Five (OCEAN)
      • NEO-PI-R
      • Myers-Briggs Indicator (MBTI)
    • Organizational Effectiveness:
      • Various factors affect group performance (cohesiveness, homogeneity, member stability, external pressure, group size, group status, member skills, communication, member roles, individual dominance, groupthink)
    • Training and Development:
      • Techniques: lecturing, handouts, participant methods (case studies, simulations, role-play), on-the-job training, modelling, apprenticeships, and coaching
      • Elements of Training:
        • Needs analysis
        • Goal and objective setting
        • Materials development
        • Implementation
        • Evaluation.
    • Leadership:
      • Shifting Roles: From me to we, from overseer to coach, from static to evolving (fluid, digital)
      • Servant Leadership: High wisdom, empathy, altruism, and persuasiveness.
      • Stewardship: Organizational contribution and preparing for a positive legacy.
      • Trust: Engagement, Performance improvement, improved Psychological/subjective wellbeing, less sick leave.
    • Stress & Wellbeing:
      • Stress response (Fight, Flight, Freeze)
      • Mismatch between skills and demands.
      • Stressors in the workplace; workload (too much or too little), Conflict with coworkers or managers, unclear expectations, lack of resources, etc -Managing stress
    • Communication, Training, and Coaching:
      • Different types of communication (upward, downward, informal through grapevine, interpersonal), channels of communication (face-to-face, telephones, emails, etc), role of listening
    • Mental Health & Legislation:
      • Prevalence/cost considerations
      • Current standards and international legislation (WHS Act (2011) Australia, ISO 45001 (2018), ISO 45003 (2021))
    • Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs):
      • Provide proactive interventions for identifying workplace stress/problems
      • Promoting well-being and productivity.

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    Psychology at Work Exam Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the key concepts of Industrial and Organizational Psychology in this comprehensive quiz. Understand the history, job analysis, and the importance of mental health in the workplace. This material focuses on how psychological principles can enhance organizational efficiency and decision-making.

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