Psychology as a Science Overview

<p>Observable behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Societal contributions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ivan Pavlov (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To predict and control behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1920’s to 1970’s (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A systematic investigation of mental processes and behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The elements of the conscious mind through introspection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Functionalism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>William James (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Introspection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Statistical Psychology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Establishing the first experimental psychology lab (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>On how mental processes help adapt organisms rather than their structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A variable that varies across the groups and may affect the outcome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It relies on observational data rather than controlled experiments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A strong negative relationship between two variables (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It confirms the validity of the findings across different studies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To make conclusions about a population based on sample data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observation and description of behavior without interference. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Naturalistic Observation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a potential for observer bias. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The variable that is manipulated or controlled. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To compare against the experimental group. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It accurately reflects the diversity of the population. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elimination of participant bias. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The role of social and cultural factors in behavior development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Examining rare or poorly understood individual conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lev Vygotsky (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clinical Psychology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Applied science focuses on solving practical problems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comparative Psychology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ideas presented as scientific without proper methodology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Industrial/Organizational Psychology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Examining changes in behavior across a lifespan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The frequency of behavior as influenced by consequences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carl Rogers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It occurs only after all lower-level needs are satisfied. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emphasis on perception of whole units (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interest in mental processes and their significance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language abilities are innate and not solely taught. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It emphasizes the role of genetics and the endocrine system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavioral changes as a result of natural selection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uniqueness and capacity for self-growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Optimizing human functioning and well-being (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior.

A school of psychology that aimed to identify the basic elements of conscious experience through introspection.

A school of psychology that focused on the functions of mental processes, how they help us adapt to our environment.

Founder of the first psychology laboratory, considered the 'father of modern psychology'.

A method used in structuralism where people report their thoughts, feelings, and sensations.

Key figure in functionalism & "Father of American Psychology" focusing on adaptive functions of the mind.

Different approaches or perspectives within psychology, each with its own theories and methods.

Refers to Wilhelm Wundt, who established the first psychology lab.

A school of thought that emphasizes influence of unconscious processes on behavior, developed by Freud.

A movement that emphasized observable behavior as the primary focus of psychology.

A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus, triggering a conditioned response.

Founder of psychoanalysis, emphasizing the unconscious mind.

A key figure in behaviorism, emphasizing observable behavior.

A learning process where behavior is influenced by its consequences.

A laboratory device used to study operant conditioning in animals.

Emphasizes personal growth, free will, and the unique potential of individuals.

Maslow's theory that basic needs must be met before higher-level needs can be addressed.

The striving to reach one's full potential.

A humanistic therapy where the client takes the lead, and the therapist provides support and empathy.

The study of mental processes. Using computer models to understand the mind.

A theory suggesting language is an innate ability, not learned behavior.

Studies how evolution impacts behavior and mental processes.

Investigates the physical and biological influences on behavior and mental processes.

A relationship between two variables where one variable directly influences the other. Changes in the independent variable (IV) cause changes in the dependent variable (DV).

An extraneous variable that influences both the independent and dependent variables, making it difficult to isolate the true effect of the IV.

Repeating an experiment to see if the same results are obtained. Replication increases confidence in the findings.

A statistical measure that describes the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. It ranges from -1 to +1.

A type of correlational research that uses questionnaires to collect data about people's attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.

Studies how social and cultural factors influence behavior and mental processes.

Vygotsky's theory emphasized the impact of social interactions (parents, peers, culture) on cognitive development.

Focuses on the biological underpinnings of behavior and mental processes.

Study of how behavior and mental processes change throughout the lifespan.

Uses scientific methods to investigate various processes like learning, motivation, emotions, consciousness, dreams and perceptions.

Uses psychological knowledge and principles to solve practical problems, improve quality of life.

Focus on gaining knowledge and understanding, usually practiced at colleges and universities.

Statements or ideas presented as scientific but lacking rigorous scientific methodology.

A research method where behaviors are observed and described in their natural setting without manipulating them. It aims to understand behavior in its natural context.

Observing behavior in a natural setting without any intervention or manipulation.

A type of observation where the researcher becomes part of the group they are studying.

An in-depth study of a single individual or a rare phenomenon to understand a complex case.

A research method that aims to establish cause and effect relationships by manipulating an independent variable and measuring its impact on a dependent variable.

The variable that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher in an experiment.

The variable that is measured in an experiment to see if it is affected by the independent variable.

Assigning participants to different groups randomly to ensure equal chances of being in any group, minimizing bias.