Psychology and Neuroscience Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the theory that the heart is the seat of the soul and intelligence?

Cardiac hypothesis

Who disproved the cardiac hypothesis?

Galen and Hippocrates

What is the name of the theory that the mind and body are independent substances?

Mind-body dualism

What theory proposes that all things are composed of matter and that explanations for behavior must be found in the nervous system?

<p>Materialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did the field of 'cognitive neuroscience' emerge?

<p>The 1970s</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the largest commissure in the brain?

<p>Corpus callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the cardiac hypothesis, what was the brain's function?

<p>An air conditioner or a cooling system for the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Bell's research on rabbits demonstrate about the spinal cord?

<p>The posterior root of the spinal cord does not respond to electrical stimulation, while the anterior root does.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Magendie's research on puppies demonstrate about the spinal cord?

<p>Cutting the anterior root of the spinal cord prevents movement but allows for yelping, while cutting the posterior root prevents yelping but allows for movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did Galvani's research on frogs have on the understanding of the nervous system?

<p>It demonstrated that electrical stimulation can cause movement of the leg, suggesting that the nervous system is not simply a network of hollow tubes, but a system that transmits information electrically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How was the work of Fritsch and Hitzig significant to neuroscience?

<p>They showed that electrical stimulation of the cortex can elicit specific movements, proving that different parts of the brain are responsible for specific functions, a concept known as localization of function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of topographic organization in the brain?

<p>It demonstrates that the external world is mapped onto the cortex, with specific areas representing different body parts, senses, or functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Helmholtz's contribution to understanding neuronal speed?

<p>He measured the speed of neural conductivity, which is approximately 24.6-38.4 meters per second.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of the relationship between skull contours and human behavior?

<p>Phrenology</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is brain weight not a significant indicator of intelligence?

<p>Women naturally have a smaller brain volume than men. There is no evidence that brain size and intelligence are correlated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was a student of Gall and popularized phrenology in the United States?

<p>Spurzheim</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Flourens contribute to the study of brain function?

<p>He refuted the claims of phrenology by demonstrating that there were six major brain regions with interconnected functions, challenging the notion of strict localization of specific mental faculties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the neurotransmitter that is synthesized in the postsynaptic cell and mimics the effects of cannabis?

<p>Anandamide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an amine neurotransmitter?

<p>Acetylcholine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of dopamine?

<p>Reward, movement, and attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

What amino acid is serotonin synthesized from?

<p>Tryptophan</p> Signup and view all the answers

Briefly describe the three general functions of glial cells.

<p>Glial cells direct neurons, surround and support them, and control the supply of chemicals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What brain region does the anterior cerebral artery supply blood to?

<p>The medial frontal lobe, which is responsible for controlling the legs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What brain region does the middle cerebral artery supply blood to?

<p>The lateral brain, which is responsible for controlling the arms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by paralysis of one side of the face and resembles a stroke but is a result of damage to the facial nerve?

<p>Bell's palsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether a neurotransmitter elicits an excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potential (EPSP/IPSP)?

<p>The type of receptor that the neurotransmitter binds to.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which researchers made significant contributions to our understanding of the reflex arc?

<p>Whytt, Bell, Magendie (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT an accomplishment of Helmholtz?

<p>Formulating the theory of phrenology. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the most prominent figures associated with phrenology?

<p>Gall, Spurzheim, Combe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How was phrenology used in society?

<p>It was used to justify slavery, determine rights of women, assess presidential candidates, and even to identify thieves based on the size of their bumps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary reasons for the failure of phrenology?

<p>Its assumptions about the relationship between skull features and personality were flawed. Flourens demonstrated that brain function is localized and interconnected, and Hrytl pointed out the significant variability in skull shapes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the six areas of the brain identified by Flourens?

<p>Cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, corpora quadrigemina, medulla oblongata, spinal cord, nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are contributions of phrenology to the field of neuroscience?

<p>All of the above. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the case of Phineas Gage, and what did it demonstrate?

<p>Gage, a railroad worker, survived a horrific accident where a metal rod pierced his left cheek and exited his skull, damaging his frontal lobes. This accident drastically altered his personality and emotions, demonstrating the frontal lobe's critical role in personality and behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who discovered that the center of speech is in the left frontal lobe?

<p>Paul Broca</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inability to speak or communicate?

<p>Aphasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who discovered that language comprehension is localized to the left temporal-parietal lobe?

<p>Carl Wernicke</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Hughlings Jackson propose about the organization of the nervous system?

<p>He proposed that the nervous system is hierarchically organized, with higher levels of the nervous system processing increasingly complex information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Golgi's contribution to neuroscience?

<p>He developed a stain that made neurons visible under the microscope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Cajal's work build upon Golgi's discovery?

<p>Using Golgi's stain, Cajal proposed that neurons are individual cells, distinct from each other, a concept known as the neuron doctrine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the neuron doctrine?

<p>The neuron doctrine states that neurons are separate and distinct cells. This is in contrast to the view that the brain is a continuous network of interconnected tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unethical study did Bartholow conduct?

<p>He directly stimulated the brain of a human patient, leading to pain and suffering below the dura mater.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Penfield's method for studying brain function?

<p>He stimulated the temporal and parietal lobes of patients during surgery to evoke sensory, motor, and memory experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Wada test, and who developed it?

<p>Developed by Juhn Wada, the Wada test assesses which hemisphere is dominant for language and memory by temporarily anesthetizing one hemisphere of the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What device is used to hold the brain in place during surgery?

<p>A stereotaxic device</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Binet test, and what did it measure?

<p>An early version of the IQ test developed by Alfred Binet that compared chronological age to mental age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of structural brain imaging techniques?

<p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of functional brain imaging techniques?

<p>Positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Neanderthal

Existed 300,000 - 40,000 years ago; had left eye damage impacting right body and speech.

Aristotle

Influenced the view that the heart is linked to emotion, proposing the cardiac hypothesis.

Who refuted the cardiac hypothesis?

Galen and Hippocrates challenged the idea that the heart is the center of emotions.

Descartes

Proposed mind-body dualism; mind operates independently of the body.

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Mind-body dualism

Concept that mind and body are separate entities.

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Materialism

Belief that everything is matter; behaviors explained by the nervous system.

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Cognitive neuroscience origins

The term 'cognitive neuroscience' emerged in the 1970s.

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Circle of Willis

A system of arteries supplying blood to the brain; drawn by Willis, Harvey, and Wren.

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Corpus callosum

The largest commissure in the brain; connects the left and right hemispheres.

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Whytt

Conducted experiments on decapitated frogs to study spinal reflexes.

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Cardiac hypothesis

Proposed that the heart is the seat of the soul and intelligence.

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Bell's experiments

Used stunned rabbits to confirm different responses of anterior and posterior spinal roots.

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Galvani

Demonstrated that electrical stimulation could cause frogs' legs to move.

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Fritsch and Hitzig

Stimulated the cortex electrically to discover its functional localization.

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Topographic organization

Mapping of the external world onto the cortex, as in the homunculus.

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Phrenology

The study of how skull contours relate to behavior, developed by Gall.

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Phineas Gage

Railroad worker whose personality changed after an accident involving a rod through his skull.

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Broca's area

Region in the left frontal lobe responsible for speech production.

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Wernicke's area

Located in the left temporal-parietal lobe, key for language comprehension.

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Golgi's stain

Developed by Golgi to visualize neurons.

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Neuron doctrine

Proposed by Cajal that neurons are separate and distinct cells.

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Bartholow

Performed direct brain stimulation on humans; found highly unethical.

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Penfield

Stimulated brain areas to evoke motor responses and memories.

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Binet test

An early IQ test comparing chronological to mental age.

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Structural brain imaging

Techniques like MRI and CT for high-resolution brain images.

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Functional brain imaging

Methods like PET and fMRI showing brain changes during tasks.

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Study Notes

Neanderthal

  • Lived 300,000-40,000 years ago
  • Damage to left eye socket, impacting right side of body and speech.

Aristotle

  • Believed in the "cardiac hypothesis"—the heart was the center of emotion and intelligence.
  • Mentalism: behavior explained by a nonphysical "psyche."

Galen and Hippocrates

  • Refuted the cardiac hypothesis.

Descartes

  • Mind-body dualism: mind and body were independent, functioning through the pineal body.
  • Cortex a protective covering for the pineal body.

Mind-Body Dualism

  • Separated mind and body.
  • Led to problematic treatments of animals, children, and mentally ill.

Materialism

  • Proposed by Darwin; all things are made of matter.
  • Behavior is a function of the nervous system. Mind and body are the same.

Cognitive Neuroscience's Emergence

  • Developed in the 1970s.

Willis, Harvey, and Wren

  • Made connections between the brain and behavior (circulatory system).
  • Circle of Willis (drawings).

Largest Commissure

  • Corpus callosum

Whytt

  • Conducted experiments on decapitated frogs, experimenting with spinal reflexes.

Cardiac Hypothesis's View of the Brain

  • The brain was considered an auxiliary cooling unit for blood.

Bell

  • Studied stunned rabbits. Stimulation of the posterior root didn't produce movement; anterior root did.

Magendie

  • Cut the anterior root of puppies' spinal cords; caused movement. Cut posterior root; movement stopped, but yelping continued.

Galvani

  • Stimulating the frog's leg with electricity caused movement.

Fritsch and Hitzig

  • Stimulated the brain's cortex with electricity; mapped functions to specific areas.

Topographic Organization

  • External world is mapped onto the cortex. A homunculus represents this.

Helmholtz

  • Measured the speed of neural conductivity in a frog’s leg (24.6-38.4 m/s).

Phrenology

  • Proposed by Gall; linked skull contours to personality traits.

Brain Weight and Significance

  • Brain weight differences don't necessarily indicate a difference in intelligence or capacity.

Spurzheim

  • Gall's student, taught phrenology in the USA.

Flourens

  • Critic of phrenology; found six major brain regions.

Anandamide

  • Synthesized in the postsynaptic neuron.
  • Retrograde messenger; mimics cannabis, associated with memory problems.

Amines

  • Dopamine: reward, movement, attention (doesn't cross BBB but dopa does).
  • Norepinephrine and epinephrine.

Serotonin

  • Derived from tryptophan; influences mood and aggression.

Histamine

  • Involved in arousal, wakefulness, and allergic reactions.

Glial Cell Functions

  • Direct/support neurons.
  • Control chemical supply.

ACA's Role

  • Supplies the medial frontal lobe (legs).

MCA's Role

  • Supplies the lateral brain (arms).

Bell's Palsy

  • Facial nerve dysfunction. Can mimic a stroke; one side of the face can't wrinkle.

IPSP/EPSP Determination

  • Determined by the receptor.

Cardiac Hypothesis Summary

  • Heart is the center of intelligence and the soul.

Reflex Arc Researchers

  • Whytt, Bell, Magendie

Helmholtz's Contributions

  • Speed of neuronal signaling.
  • Ophthalmoscope.
  • Helmholtz resonator.
  • Law of conservation of energy. Diverse fields.

Phrenology Associates

  • Gall, Spurzheim, Combe, Fowlers.

Societal Use of Phrenology

  • Used to justify slavery, assess women's rights, analyze presidential candidates, assess criminals (thieves).

Phrenology's Failure

  • Flawed assumptions.
  • Brain function is localized and skull variation is substantial.

Flourens's Brain Regions

  • Cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, corpora quadrigemina, medulla oblongata, spinal cord, nerves.

Phrenology's Contributions

  • Brain is the seat of the mind. Mental functions are localized. Psychological properties are measurable. Focus on individual differences is improved.

Phineas Gage

  • Railroad worker; rod piercing brain. Had significant personality changes.

Broca

  • Left frontal lobe is the speech center. Studied a patient (Tan) with aphasia and right-side weakness.

Aphasia

  • Inability to speak or communicate.

Wernicke

  • Left temporal-parietal lobe for language comprehension.

Hughlings Jackson

  • Hierarchical brain organization, complex information processed by higher levels.
  • Topographical maps, homunculus.

Golgi

  • Developed a staining method to visualize neurons.

Cajal

  • Used Golgi's stain to prove neurons are individual, distinct cells.

Neuron Doctrine

  • Neurons are individual cells (Cajal).

Bartholow

  • Performed direct brain stimulation on a human; unethical.

Penfield

  • Stimulated the temporal/parietal lobes to evoke motor, sensory, and memory responses.

Wada Test

  • Developed by Dr. Wada; used to determine the dominant hemisphere for language and memory. Still used today before some brain surgeries.

Stereotaxic Device

  • Holds the brain in place during surgery.

Binet Test

  • Early IQ test; compared a person's chronological age to their mental age.

Structural Brain Imaging

  • High-resolution images of the brain (MRI and CT).

Functional Brain Imaging

  • Shows changes in brain activity during a behavior (PET and fMRI).

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Description

This quiz covers key figures and concepts in psychology and neuroscience, including Neanderthal characteristics, Aristotle's theories, and the development of cognitive neuroscience. Explore the transition from mind-body dualism to materialism and how these ideas shaped our understanding of behavior and the nervous system.

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