Aetiology
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Questions and Answers

What is a significant risk factor for significant cognitive problems in childhood?

  • Genetic disorders
  • Environmental factors
  • Head injury (correct)
  • Temperamental difficulties

    • What percentage of physically healthy infants experienced head injury according to the text?

  • 7% (correct)
  • 10%
  • 20%
  • 30%

    • What factor is often associated with the development of behavioural problems later in childhood?

  • Strong environmental support
  • High levels of adaptability
  • Less adaptability to new situations (correct)
  • Stable temperament

    • Which psychiatric disorder is associated with boys who have high levels of irritability and anxiety?

    <p>Separation anxiety and conduct disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is less likely to be predicted according to recent studies?

    <p>High levels of distractibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated heritability of ADHD and anxiety disorders according to population-based twin studies?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered likely to result in significant childhood psychopathology?

    <p>Stable prenatal environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which investigator's findings suggest that individual differences can be determined by temperamental and environmental factors?

    <p>Copeland and Mrazek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which developmental variable influences the psychological impact of life events in children?

    <p>Child's developmental stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does prolonged separation from psychological drivers affect?

    <p>Behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately what percentage of infants have a secure-avoidant attachment style?

    <p>15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of attachment is associated with caregivers who are unresponsive or lack interest?

    <p>Secure-avoidant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant outcome of maternal deprivation on child development according to Bowlby?

    <p>Serious disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major factor influences the psychological impact of life events?

    <p>Child's temperament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of home environment underpins a child’s acceptance and constructive criticism?

    <p>Stable and secure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which researcher’s work led to the acceptance of the effects of maternal deprivation?

    <p>Bowlby</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect on infants experiencing a resistant-ambivalent attachment style?

    <p>Difficulty developing a secure base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the child's experience of life events later in life?

    <p>Socially supportive environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders is particularly common in children during the childhood years?

    <p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can reduce the rate of psychiatric disorder within a given level of risk?

    <p>Protective factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as a family risk factor for psychiatric disorders in children?

    <p>High academic achievement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major factor in child psychiatric disturbances according to certain child-rearing practices?

    <p>Parental incapacitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a protective factor?

    <p>Good parenting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome for children of parents with mental illness?

    <p>Greater emotional and behavioral difficulties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT linked to psychiatric disturbances in children according to certain child-rearing practices?

    <p>Good relations with society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect can alternative childcare have on children?

    <p>Inconsistent care-related behavioral problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible reason for the overlap between different psychiatric disorders?

    <p>They are both influenced by the same genetic predisposition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about polygenic effects and environmental influences is correct?

    <p>Hereditability factors can be intertwined with the effects of multiple genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do genes exert indirect effects on psychiatric disorders?

    <p>Through factors like intelligence and temperament that influence experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the reasons why interpretations of the impact of shared and non-shared environments can be complex?

    <p>Shared environments can affect children differently, making comparisons complex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major difference between the effects of brain lesions in children versus adults?

    <p>Children's brains are more plastic and can compensate for localized damage better.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might happen if early brain damage affects a region that takes on a key function later in life?

    <p>The effects of the damage may only manifest many years later.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following children is more likely to have a psychiatric disorder?

    <p>Children with brain injuries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the effects of head injury as a common cause of neurological damage in childhood?

    <p>The effects are usually localized and specific to the area of the brain injured.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are maturational changes significant in understanding childhood psychiatric disorders?

    <p>The developing brain has different capacities and vulnerabilities than the adult brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does comorbidity influence the understanding of childhood psychiatric disorders?

    <p>It raises questions about shared genetic or environmental factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some key criteria for identifying psychiatric problems in children according to the text?

    <p>irritability, worry, hyperactivity, and imbalance of parental control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one important factor associated with bullying, according to the text?

    <p>Differed responsibility among students</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one suggested method for obtaining information before a child's psychiatric assessment?

    <p>Compiling information from schools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage should child psychiatrists ideally see the children together?

    <p>Before seeing each child separately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one differential ratio mentioned related to psychiatric issues in children?

    <p>Depression and other internalizing problems for the victims</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a flexible approach important in child psychiatric assessments?

    <p>Children often have varying assessment settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The aims of psychiatric assessments of children include:

    <p>Pinpointing the psychological and social needs of a child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect makes interviewing family members important in psychiatric assessments?

    <p>To gather comprehensive information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional group's involvement is sometimes necessary during a child's psychiatric assessment?

    <p>Other staff members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical observation during the assessment of children in psychiatric settings?

    <p>How they perceive each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major effects of childhood parental separation?

    <p>Interpersonal conflict and disruption of children's lives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do children of divorced parents generally compare to those from continuously intact families?

    <p>They are at a higher chance of having psychological problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is likely to happen to children aged 5-11 years after the death of a parent?

    <p>They usually become depressed and withdrawn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor affecting children's well-being is mentioned as the most prominent in their social environment?

    <p>Family environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of the wider social environment on children?

    <p>It affects the quality of the child's social network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some features of social conditions in cities that affect children's mental health?

    <p>Lack of play spaces and exposure to violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predicted outcome for children following parental divorce?

    <p>Variability in outcomes with many not changing at all</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are stress levels and dysfunctional behaviors greatest in children after parental separation?

    <p>In the years following the 2 years after separation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the psychiatric disorder rates in socially disadvantaged areas compare to the national rate?

    <p>They are about three times higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of children's lives does the school environment significantly impact?

    <p>Their overall well-being, learning, and mental health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Aetiology of Child Psychiatric Disorders

    • Mood disorders in children are influenced by a complex interaction of emerging mood disorders, vulnerabilities, and prenatal and postnatal environmental factors.
    • Temperament and individual differences play a role in the development of behavioural problems in children:
      • Children with a less adaptable temperament are more likely to develop behavioural problems.
      • Boys with high levels of irritability and anxiety are more likely to develop separation anxiety and conduct disorders.
      • Children with high levels of negative affectivity are more likely to develop depression.

    Genetic Factors

    • Children with psychiatric problems often have a family history of psychiatric disorders.
    • Genetic factors contribute to the development of certain disorders, such as ADHD and anxiety disorders.
    • Heritability rates for certain disorders, such as AS and hyperactivity, are around 40%.

    Brain Disorders

    • Few brain disorders, such as traumatic brain injuries, infections, and tumours, are a cause of psychiatric disorders in children.
    • Head injury is a significant risk factor for cognitive problems and psychiatric disorders.

    Environmental Factors

    • Life events, such as the death of a parent or the birth of a sibling, can have a significant impact on a child's development and mental health.
    • The way a child experiences life events is influenced by factors such as their developmental stage, temperament, and pre-existing vulnerabilities.
    • Chronic stress can contribute to the development of psychiatric disorders in children.

    Family Influences

    • Family factors, such as parenting style and family relationships, can play a role in the development of psychiatric disorders in children.
    • Prolonged separation from caregivers can have a profound effect on a child's behaviour and relationships.

    Emotional Deprivation and Attachment

    • Emotional deprivation, particularly in the early years, can have a significant impact on a child's development and mental health.
    • Attachment styles, such as secure, avoidant, and ambivalent, can influence a child's relationships and mental health.

    Effects of Parental Mental Health

    • Parental mental health can have a significant impact on a child's development and mental health.
    • Children of parents with mental health disorders are at increased risk of developing psychiatric disorders.

    Family Risk Factors

    • Family risk factors, such as marital problems, low social status, and poverty, can increase the risk of psychiatric disorders in children.
    • Children who are placed in care away from their family are also at increased risk.

    Protective Factors

    • Protective factors, such as good parenting, a supportive family environment, and good relationships with others, can reduce the risk of psychiatric disorders in children.

    Child Rearing Practices

    • Child rearing practices, such as parental incapacitation and neglect, can increase the risk of psychiatric disorders in children.
    • Alternative care arrangements, such as daycare, can also have an impact on a child's development and mental health.

    Effects of Alternative Milieus

    • Alternative care arrangements, such as daycare, can have both positive and negative effects on a child's development and mental health.
    • Factors such as the quality of care, consistency, and stability can influence the outcome for children.

    Effects of Parental Separation

    • Parental separation can have a significant impact on a child's development and mental health.
    • Factors such as conflict between parents, disruption to the child's life, and changes in family relationships can influence the outcome for children.

    Social and Cultural Factors

    • Social and cultural factors, such as poverty, neighbourhood, and school environment, can increase the risk of psychiatric disorders in children.
    • Factors such as lack of play spaces, overcrowding, and exposure to violence can contribute to the development of psychiatric disorders.

    Effects of Neighborhood

    • Neighbourhood factors, such as poverty, crime, and lack of community resources, can increase the risk of psychiatric disorders in children.

    Effects of School

    • School environment, including teachers, peers, and academic achievement, can influence a child's mental health and development.

    Psychiatric Assessment of Children and their Families

    • The aims of assessment are to identify the presenting problem, understand its context, and identify the psychological and social needs of the child.
    • Assessment methods may vary, but often involve a combination of interviews, observations, and information from schools and other sources.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the causes of child psychiatric disorders, including mood disorders and the role of temperament and individual differences in their development.

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