56 Questions
What is a significant risk factor for significant cognitive problems in childhood?
Head injury
What percentage of physically healthy infants experienced head injury according to the text?
7%
What factor is often associated with the development of behavioural problems later in childhood?
Less adaptability to new situations
Which psychiatric disorder is associated with boys who have high levels of irritability and anxiety?
Separation anxiety and conduct disorders
Which of these is less likely to be predicted according to recent studies?
High levels of distractibility
What is the estimated heritability of ADHD and anxiety disorders according to population-based twin studies?
40%
Which of the following is NOT considered likely to result in significant childhood psychopathology?
Stable prenatal environment
Which investigator's findings suggest that individual differences can be determined by temperamental and environmental factors?
Copeland and Mrazek
Which developmental variable influences the psychological impact of life events in children?
Child's developmental stage
What does prolonged separation from psychological drivers affect?
Behavior
Approximately what percentage of infants have a secure-avoidant attachment style?
15%
Which type of attachment is associated with caregivers who are unresponsive or lack interest?
Secure-avoidant
What is a significant outcome of maternal deprivation on child development according to Bowlby?
Serious disturbances
What major factor influences the psychological impact of life events?
Child's temperament
What kind of home environment underpins a child’s acceptance and constructive criticism?
Stable and secure
Which researcher’s work led to the acceptance of the effects of maternal deprivation?
Bowlby
What is a common effect on infants experiencing a resistant-ambivalent attachment style?
Difficulty developing a secure base
What contributes to the child's experience of life events later in life?
Socially supportive environments
Which of the following disorders is particularly common in children during the childhood years?
Depression
What factor can reduce the rate of psychiatric disorder within a given level of risk?
Protective factors
Which of the following is NOT listed as a family risk factor for psychiatric disorders in children?
High academic achievement
What is a major factor in child psychiatric disturbances according to certain child-rearing practices?
Parental incapacitation
Which of the following is considered a protective factor?
Good parenting
What is a common outcome for children of parents with mental illness?
Greater emotional and behavioral difficulties
Which factor is NOT linked to psychiatric disturbances in children according to certain child-rearing practices?
Good relations with society
What effect can alternative childcare have on children?
Inconsistent care-related behavioral problems
What is a possible reason for the overlap between different psychiatric disorders?
They are both influenced by the same genetic predisposition.
Which of the following statements about polygenic effects and environmental influences is correct?
Hereditability factors can be intertwined with the effects of multiple genes.
How do genes exert indirect effects on psychiatric disorders?
Through factors like intelligence and temperament that influence experiences.
What is one of the reasons why interpretations of the impact of shared and non-shared environments can be complex?
Shared environments can affect children differently, making comparisons complex.
What is a major difference between the effects of brain lesions in children versus adults?
Children's brains are more plastic and can compensate for localized damage better.
What might happen if early brain damage affects a region that takes on a key function later in life?
The effects of the damage may only manifest many years later.
Which of the following children is more likely to have a psychiatric disorder?
Children with brain injuries.
What characterizes the effects of head injury as a common cause of neurological damage in childhood?
The effects are usually localized and specific to the area of the brain injured.
Why are maturational changes significant in understanding childhood psychiatric disorders?
The developing brain has different capacities and vulnerabilities than the adult brain.
How does comorbidity influence the understanding of childhood psychiatric disorders?
It raises questions about shared genetic or environmental factors.
What are some key criteria for identifying psychiatric problems in children according to the text?
irritability, worry, hyperactivity, and imbalance of parental control
What is one important factor associated with bullying, according to the text?
Differed responsibility among students
What is one suggested method for obtaining information before a child's psychiatric assessment?
Compiling information from schools
At what stage should child psychiatrists ideally see the children together?
Before seeing each child separately
What is one differential ratio mentioned related to psychiatric issues in children?
Depression and other internalizing problems for the victims
Why is a flexible approach important in child psychiatric assessments?
Children often have varying assessment settings
The aims of psychiatric assessments of children include:
Pinpointing the psychological and social needs of a child
What aspect makes interviewing family members important in psychiatric assessments?
To gather comprehensive information
What additional group's involvement is sometimes necessary during a child's psychiatric assessment?
Other staff members
What is a critical observation during the assessment of children in psychiatric settings?
How they perceive each other
What are the two major effects of childhood parental separation?
Interpersonal conflict and disruption of children's lives
How do children of divorced parents generally compare to those from continuously intact families?
They are at a higher chance of having psychological problems
Which of the following is likely to happen to children aged 5-11 years after the death of a parent?
They usually become depressed and withdrawn
Which factor affecting children's well-being is mentioned as the most prominent in their social environment?
Family environment
What is the impact of the wider social environment on children?
It affects the quality of the child's social network
What are some features of social conditions in cities that affect children's mental health?
Lack of play spaces and exposure to violence
What is the predicted outcome for children following parental divorce?
Variability in outcomes with many not changing at all
When are stress levels and dysfunctional behaviors greatest in children after parental separation?
In the years following the 2 years after separation
How do the psychiatric disorder rates in socially disadvantaged areas compare to the national rate?
They are about three times higher
What aspect of children's lives does the school environment significantly impact?
Their overall well-being, learning, and mental health
Study Notes
Aetiology of Child Psychiatric Disorders
- Mood disorders in children are influenced by a complex interaction of emerging mood disorders, vulnerabilities, and prenatal and postnatal environmental factors.
- Temperament and individual differences play a role in the development of behavioural problems in children:
- Children with a less adaptable temperament are more likely to develop behavioural problems.
- Boys with high levels of irritability and anxiety are more likely to develop separation anxiety and conduct disorders.
- Children with high levels of negative affectivity are more likely to develop depression.
Genetic Factors
- Children with psychiatric problems often have a family history of psychiatric disorders.
- Genetic factors contribute to the development of certain disorders, such as ADHD and anxiety disorders.
- Heritability rates for certain disorders, such as AS and hyperactivity, are around 40%.
Brain Disorders
- Few brain disorders, such as traumatic brain injuries, infections, and tumours, are a cause of psychiatric disorders in children.
- Head injury is a significant risk factor for cognitive problems and psychiatric disorders.
Environmental Factors
- Life events, such as the death of a parent or the birth of a sibling, can have a significant impact on a child's development and mental health.
- The way a child experiences life events is influenced by factors such as their developmental stage, temperament, and pre-existing vulnerabilities.
- Chronic stress can contribute to the development of psychiatric disorders in children.
Family Influences
- Family factors, such as parenting style and family relationships, can play a role in the development of psychiatric disorders in children.
- Prolonged separation from caregivers can have a profound effect on a child's behaviour and relationships.
Emotional Deprivation and Attachment
- Emotional deprivation, particularly in the early years, can have a significant impact on a child's development and mental health.
- Attachment styles, such as secure, avoidant, and ambivalent, can influence a child's relationships and mental health.
Effects of Parental Mental Health
- Parental mental health can have a significant impact on a child's development and mental health.
- Children of parents with mental health disorders are at increased risk of developing psychiatric disorders.
Family Risk Factors
- Family risk factors, such as marital problems, low social status, and poverty, can increase the risk of psychiatric disorders in children.
- Children who are placed in care away from their family are also at increased risk.
Protective Factors
- Protective factors, such as good parenting, a supportive family environment, and good relationships with others, can reduce the risk of psychiatric disorders in children.
Child Rearing Practices
- Child rearing practices, such as parental incapacitation and neglect, can increase the risk of psychiatric disorders in children.
- Alternative care arrangements, such as daycare, can also have an impact on a child's development and mental health.
Effects of Alternative Milieus
- Alternative care arrangements, such as daycare, can have both positive and negative effects on a child's development and mental health.
- Factors such as the quality of care, consistency, and stability can influence the outcome for children.
Effects of Parental Separation
- Parental separation can have a significant impact on a child's development and mental health.
- Factors such as conflict between parents, disruption to the child's life, and changes in family relationships can influence the outcome for children.
Social and Cultural Factors
- Social and cultural factors, such as poverty, neighbourhood, and school environment, can increase the risk of psychiatric disorders in children.
- Factors such as lack of play spaces, overcrowding, and exposure to violence can contribute to the development of psychiatric disorders.
Effects of Neighborhood
- Neighbourhood factors, such as poverty, crime, and lack of community resources, can increase the risk of psychiatric disorders in children.
Effects of School
- School environment, including teachers, peers, and academic achievement, can influence a child's mental health and development.
Psychiatric Assessment of Children and their Families
- The aims of assessment are to identify the presenting problem, understand its context, and identify the psychological and social needs of the child.
- Assessment methods may vary, but often involve a combination of interviews, observations, and information from schools and other sources.
This quiz explores the causes of child psychiatric disorders, including mood disorders and the role of temperament and individual differences in their development.
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