Psychology 1900s Developments Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What significant development occurred at the University of Pennsylvania during the 1904-1905 academic year?

The first clinical journal was published.

The reading of behavioral theories commenced.

Formal courses in clinical psychology were offered. (correct)

Cognitive psychology programs were initiated.

Which of the following principles was NOT advocated by Witmer in his psychological clinic?

Utilizing multidisciplinary teams.

Emphasizing the subjective experiences of clients. (correct)

Using evidence-based diagnostic strategies.

Preventing problems before they emerged.

What is the central premise of Watson's behaviorism?

Mental states should be the primary focus of psychology.

Only observable behavior can be studied scientifically. (correct)

Causation can be determined solely from correlation.

Individuals cannot be controlled as they are influenced by subconscious thoughts.

What was the foundational model for behaviorism according to Watson?

S-R Signup and view all the answers

What role did the criterion of statistical significance play in applied research psychology by the end of the 1930s?

It was widely adopted as a standard practice. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a focus of cognitivism as introduced by Beck, Ellis, and Lazarus?

The investigation of cognitive processes. Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is associated with Skinner in the context of learning?

Reinforcement through operant conditioning. Signup and view all the answers

What does the TOTE model in cognitivism stand for?

Test Operate Test Exit. Signup and view all the answers

What was Charcot's view on hysteria?

It stemmed from psychological trauma. Signup and view all the answers

Which method did Freud and Breuer use to help their patients?

Talking freely under hypnosis Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the emotional release experienced by patients after hypnosis?

Catharsis Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Freud discover that indicates a portion of the mind is unaware of certain experiences?

The unconscious Signup and view all the answers

What technique did Freud develop to help patients express their thoughts?

Free association Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the 'Clark University Meeting' in 1909?

It marked the beginning of psychoanalysis in the U.S. Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist introduced the distinction between introvert and extrovert?

Carl Gustav Jung Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of Gordon Allport's proposal regarding personality?

The study of traits Signup and view all the answers

What does clinical psychology primarily focus on?

Assessing and treating individuals within their personal context Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship in clinical psychology?

A dynamic interaction involving at least the clinician and the client Signup and view all the answers

What does clinical psychology emphasize about the nature of illness?

It focuses on the subjective experience of the individual Signup and view all the answers

How is clinical psychology characterized in relation to psychotherapy?

They may have different roles and not all clinical psychologists engage in psychotherapy Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'abnormal' refer to in the context of clinical psychology?

Behavior that deviates from the societal norm Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key roles of a clinical psychologist?

To focus on understanding symptoms as part of a broader context Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of clinical psychology counters the approach of new medicine?

The emphasis on the person's centrality in treatment Signup and view all the answers

In clinical psychology, symptoms are considered manifestations of issues. How are these symptoms understood?

Through a holistic lens considering individual context Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the specific aspects taken into consideration when interpreting the Rorschach inkblot test results?

The description of the inkblot contents Signup and view all the answers

Why can the results of the Rorschach inkblot test be considered unreliable?

Interpretations can be subjective and vary between interpreters Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) has been criticized?

The dated quality of the test stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT included in the Rorschach inkblot test interpretation?

The subject's historical background Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

It uses thirty-one picture cards as stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the Rorschach inkblot test results?

They are reliable indicators of psychopathology. Signup and view all the answers

When applying scoring systems in the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), what is a noted limitation?

They often lack evidence of clinical significance. Signup and view all the answers

How many monochrome inkblot images are used in the Rorschach test?

5 Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary characteristic of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

Experiencing uncontrollable and recurring thoughts Signup and view all the answers

How can compulsions exacerbate obsessions in individuals with OCD?

They can create new obsessions due to reinforcing beliefs Signup and view all the answers

What new classification of disorders does OCD fall under in the DSM-5?

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common misconception about the nature of OCD?

OCD is solely caused by traumatic experiences Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'external locus of control' refer to in the context of OCD?

The belief that success is dependent on external factors Signup and view all the answers

What is typically a result of compulsive behaviors in individuals with OCD?

Significant time consumption and distress in daily life Signup and view all the answers

Why is OCD on the rise according to the content?

People's inability to handle anxiety effectively Signup and view all the answers

What is a compulsion meant to achieve in the context of OCD?

To soothe anxiety associated with intrusive thoughts Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of structured interviews?

They yield more reliable results through standardization. Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario might a psychologist prefer a structured interview?

During an epidemiological study involving many participants. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a structured interview?

Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of semi-structured interviews?

They require extensive interviewer training and take longer to complete. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of interview allows the most flexibility in question sequence?

Unstructured interview Signup and view all the answers

What primarily influences the content of questions in an unstructured interview?

The theoretical views of the interviewer. Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of using a semi-structured interview?

They tend to have greater validity in diagnoses. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the primary aim of a structured interview?

To collect standard data for reliable comparisons. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Clinical Psychology

Clinical psychology, a vital branch of psychology, assesses and treats abnormal behavior within the context of biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors.
The term "clinical" originates from the Greek word "klinē" (bed), relating to the patient's reclining position and doctor's bedside presence.
Clinical psychology centers on the patient-clinician relationship, emphasizing the patient as a person, rather than solely a disease.
It differs from medical models by focusing on the subjective experience of the individual.
Clinical psychology involves studying how to support individuals experiencing psychological distress, adapting the techniques learned to support others.
Unlike mere psychotherapy, clinical psychologists assess and treat individuals.
Clinical psychology, as a system, aims to understand and reorganize dysfunctional mental processes and their interpersonal/psychobiological correlates.

Historical Development

Lightner Witmer, considered a pioneer in clinical psychology, established the first clinical psychology journal in 1907.
Witmer advocated for diagnostic evaluations, multidisciplinary approaches, research-based interventions, and preventative measures.
Behaviorism, introduced by John Watson, focused solely on observable behavior, considering the mind a "black box" and emphasizing prediction and control of variables through the experimental method.
Cognitivism, arising from the work of figures such as Beck and Ellis, emphasized the mind's internal processes as key factors in behavior.

Assessment Methods

Structured Interviews: Have predetermined questions and order, improving validity, but requiring more interviewer training and time investment.
Semi-Structured Interviews: Follow a specific order but allow for follow-up questions, increasing validity with improved interviewer training.
Unstructured Interviews: Interviewer tailored questions based on patient responses. Allow tailoring questions to patient needs or theoretical views, but can be less valid.
Projective Tests: These, like the Rorschach inkblot test and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), are used for assessing children and adults by interpreting responses in ambiguous stimuli (inkblots or pictures). However, these methods are criticized for lacking reliability due to subjective interpretation.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

OCD is characterized by recurring thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions).
It used to be categorized as an anxiety disorder but is now categorized separately.
OCD creates a vicious cycle where compulsions exacerbate obsessions, and obsessions generate compulsions.
Compulsions can be rituals – like wearing a propitiatory item.
External validation is a common cause of OCD, rather than an internal cause. This is reinforced by immediate societal expectancies of instant responses, leading to higher incidence.
Treatment is available to help manage OCD symptoms.
Stressful situations can trigger OCD, including the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key psychological developments from the early 1900s. This quiz covers significant concepts and figures such as Witmer, Watson, Skinner, Freud, and the evolution of behaviorism. Explore the foundations of applied psychology and cognitive theories in this informative quiz.