Psychology 1900s Developments Quiz

The study and treatment of mental health issues, focusing on the relationship between the clinician and the individual. It aims to understand and address psychological distress, seeking to help individuals cope and improve their well-being.

Behaviors that deviate from the norms or expectations of a given society. This concept is becoming less widely used in contemporary psychology.

The relationship between a clinical psychologist and a patient, characterized by empathy, active listening, and understanding. This relationship serves as the foundation for effective assessment and treatment.

Clinical psychology is not just about psychotherapy; it encompasses a broader scope of practice including assessment, treatment, and research.

Clinical psychology considers various factors that contribute to an individual's mental health, including biological, psychological, social, and cultural influences.

Signs and symptoms of a psychological or mental health issue that are expressed through an individual's behavior. These behaviors can be observed and interpreted within the context of the biopsychosocial model.

The understanding and interpretation of dysfunctional or pathological mental processes, recognizing their impact on individuals and their relationships. This includes understanding the interrelationship between the mind, behavior, and biological processes.

Clinical psychology employs a variety of knowledge and methods to assess, understand, and intervene in mental health issues. It uses a multidisciplinary approach, combining insights from various fields like psychology, biology, sociology, and cultural studies.

The idea that psychological trauma can cause mental disorders.

A method where patients freely express their thoughts and feelings without censoring themselves.

Analyzing the content and symbolism of dreams to gain insights into the unconscious mind.

A release of emotional tension through talking about repressed memories and experiences.

The part of the mind that contains unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories.

A theory that behavior is influenced by the dynamic interaction between instincts, desires, and societal constraints.

A personality type characterized by a focus on the external world, social interaction, and objective reality.

A personality type characterized by a focus on internal experiences, introspective thoughts, and subjective world.

Lightner Witmer founded the first psychological clinic and published the first clinical psychology journal, Psychological Clinic. He emphasized diagnostic evaluation, multidisciplinary approaches, evidence-based interventions, and prevention of problems.

John Watson's theory of behaviorism, which emphasizes observable behavior and rejects the study of internal mental states, utilizes a stimulus-response (S-R) model where stimuli trigger responses.

Behaviorism aims to predict and control behavior using objective methods, similar to experiments where independent variables are manipulated to observe their effects on dependent variables.

Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning, Skinner's operant conditioning with reinforcement, and Thorndike's trial-and-error learning through the laws of exercise and effect are key contributions to behaviorism.

Cognitivism emerged as a response to behaviorism, arguing that mental processes play a crucial role in behavior and cannot be ignored. It emphasizes the importance of cognitive processes and how the mind works.

Cognitivism utilizes a model where stimuli are processed through mental states, influencing responses. This model highlights the complexity of behavior, making prediction and control challenging.

The TOTE model (Test-Operate-Test-Exit) suggests that behavior is a result of a series of tests (assessments), operations (actions), and adjustments based on feedback until a desired outcome is achieved.

Cognitive therapies like those developed by Beck, Ellis, and Lazarus focus on identifying and modifying distorted thought patterns and beliefs to improve emotional and behavioral well-being.

A type of interview where the format, sequence, and wording of questions are pre-determined. This ensures consistency and allows for comparisons across participants.

A type of interview where the interviewer follows a set order and content of questions while allowing for some flexibility to explore specific areas in depth.

An interview approach where the interviewer is free to determine the questions, order, and depth of inquiry based on the individual's responses.

A type of interview used in research settings where the interviewer asks questions in a predetermined order and wording to assess a specific construct or disorder.

The reliability of a measurement instrument, such as an interview, to produce consistent results when used repeatedly or by different interviewers.

The accuracy of a measurement tool in measuring what it is intended to measure. Structured interviews are considered more valid due to their controlled format.

Structured interviews are particularly useful in epidemiological studies because they allow for large-scale data collection and analysis.

The choice of interview format depends on the purpose of the study or assessment. Structured interviews are more suitable for research, while semi-structured interviews are better for individual therapy.

A psychological test using ambiguous inkblot images to assess personality and emotional functioning. Individuals are asked to describe what they see in the blots, with interpretations based on the descriptions, justifications, response times, non-verbal cues, and inkblot manipulation.

A projective test where individuals create stories based on presented pictures to explore their personality, motivations, and interpersonal relationships. It uses a series of 31 cards depicting scenes or situations.

The subjective interpretation of a response in the Rorschach test can lead to unreliable results, as different examiners may have different interpretations of the same response.

The tendency for the Rorschach test to over-diagnose psychological disorders, potentially labeling 'normal' individuals as having mental health issues.

The stimuli used in the TAT are considered outdated and may not resonate with modern subjects, making it challenging for them to identify with the depicted characters and situations.

The TAT requires significant time for both administration and interpretation, making it a resource-intensive tool in clinical practice.

The extensive scoring systems used in the TAT are complex and time-consuming to apply. Additionally, there is limited research supporting the clinical value of these scoring systems in enhancing assessment and treatment.

The Rorschach and TAT are examples of projective psychological tests, relying on individuals' interpretations of ambiguous stimuli to reveal their underlying personality, motivations, and emotional states.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition characterized by uncontrollable, recurring thoughts called obsessions and/or repetitive behaviors called compulsions. These symptoms can be time-consuming and interfere with daily life.

Stressful situations, even if not traumatic, can trigger OCD. The COVID-19 pandemic, for example, caused many to develop obsessive behaviors to feel safe, which were hard to let go of.

OCD is a vicious cycle where obsessions lead to compulsions, which in turn fuel the obsessions. This creates a constant loop of anxiety and distress.

Compulsions are repetitive behaviors, often rituals, that people with OCD perform to alleviate anxiety caused by their obsessions. These can range from washing hands repeatedly to checking things over and over.

People with OCD often feel they lack control over their lives, believing that their actions have no consequence and that external factors control their success or failure. This can lead to low self-esteem and a dependence on compulsions.

OCD used to be classified as an anxiety disorder but is now categorized separately in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) due to its unique characteristics.

While compulsions are meant to reduce anxiety from obsessions, they often become a source of more anxiety and distress, creating a paradoxical effect where the more you try to control, the less control you have.

OCD is on the rise because many struggle with anxiety, particularly in a society where instant gratification is expected. This makes it harder for people to tolerate discomfort and delays, contributing to the development of OCD symptoms.