Psychology 103 Final Review

Questions and Answers

How do instrumental aggression and hostile aggression differ?

Instrumental aggression is aggression with the intent to hurt, but the hurting is a means to some goal other than causing pain. Hostile aggression is an act of aggression stemming from a feeling of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury.

Which of the following is an example of instrumental aggression?

Rachel pushes Ted so that she can rush past him to catch a glass that is about to fall off the counter. (correct)

A person shouts at another out of anger.

Someone breaks a glass in an argument.

A child hits another child out of frustration.

How was the study of raised cats in the same cage as rats used to explain aggression?

Not inherent.

What argument was made regarding bonobos in relation to aggression?

Bonobos are the exception; equally close relatives as chimpanzees but are peaceful, arguing that aggression is innate but can be changed/evolved. Signup and view all the answers

Overall, what has research indicated about aggression?

Aggression is nearly universal, has evolved due to survival value, and can be suppressed under various conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a monkey's behavior when the amygdala is stimulated?

Attack. Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is most associated with aggressive behavior in humans?

Testosterone. Signup and view all the answers

How do higher temperatures affect aggression according to research?

Increase hostility and aggression. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does relative deprivation exemplify in Aronson's analysis on riots?

Relative deprivation. Signup and view all the answers

What theory aligns with the belief that children should not watch violent television?

Social Learning Theory. Signup and view all the answers

One aspect of the social learning theory of aggression is that human beings will consider the ________ of a person's behavior that will cause frustration.

intention Signup and view all the answers

How does Zimbardo's research suggest deindividuation contributes to aggression?

Anonymous. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective way to reduce aggression according to the book?

Social (the presence of other people in the same circumstances who are restrained and relatively unaggressive). Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a component of prejudice?

Popularity Signup and view all the answers

If someone states that all football players are knucklehead beer guzzling people, what concept are they exemplifying?

Stereotyping. Signup and view all the answers

A key factor in justifying our own bias is whether we believe an individual has _______.

control over his/her situation Signup and view all the answers

People find it easier to hold prejudice against obese people if they believe what about them?

They control their obesity. Signup and view all the answers

What does research suggest about biases against obese people?

Unknown. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a characteristic of stereotyping?

Prejudice Signup and view all the answers

What is attribution theory most concerned with?

A theory that describes the way in which people explain the causes of their own and other people's behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What do we mean by the term stereotype threat?

The apprehension experienced by members of a minority group that they might confirm an existing (negative) cultural stereotype; this apprehension has been shown to interfere with intellectual performance. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a good example of victim blaming?

Blaming victims for their victimization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is probably not a major cause of prejudice?

Political factors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a characteristic of an authoritarian personality?

They are usually happy people Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective strategy for changing deeply rooted attitudes and behaviors?

Place people in a situation in which they must change their behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What principle is the general reward theory of attraction based upon?

We tend to like a person whose behavior provides us with maximum reward at minimum cost. Signup and view all the answers

If you persuade someone to do you a favor, it is likely that person ______.

he or she will like you more. Signup and view all the answers

What do we tend to think about a person when they do favors for us?

Only like them if we don't feel indebted to return the favor. Signup and view all the answers

When a nearly perfect person commits a blunder, what happens to that person's attraction?

Increases; decreases when a mediocre person commits the same blunder. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristics best determine attraction according to research on incoming students?

Physical attractiveness. Signup and view all the answers

What does Aronson say is one of the most powerful determinants of whether you will like another person?

If that person likes you. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when someone is initially critical of you but later becomes complimentary?

You like him or her more. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of relationship is marked by lack of score-keeping and healthy interaction?

Communal relationship. Signup and view all the answers

Compared to passionate love, how does companionate love change over time?

Deepen over the course of the relationship. Signup and view all the answers

What is romantic love a combination of?

Intimacy and passion. Signup and view all the answers

What source of the statement 'I think you are an extremely attractive person' would have the greatest positive effect on you?

An attractive stranger Signup and view all the answers

What does straight talk refer to in communication?

You offer a clear statement of your feelings and concerns without accusing or judging the other person. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to express feelings rather than judgments?

Expressing feelings is less hurtful than expressing judgments. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the scientific method?

Observation. Signup and view all the answers

What does Aronson believe about the study of social psychology?

Investigating the behavior of intelligent, curious, sophisticated adults who have been living in a social world for their entire lives. Signup and view all the answers

In an experiment to understand the effect of speech content on persuasion, what is the independent variable?

The content of a speech. Signup and view all the answers

The factor systematically varied (manipulated) in an experiment is called ______.

Independent variable Signup and view all the answers

In conducting an experiment, what is the researchers' goal?

To determine if what happens to participants has an effect on how they respond. Signup and view all the answers

The dependent variable in an experiment is used to measure ______.

The change. Signup and view all the answers

Why is experimentation primarily used in social psychology?

It allows for greater control of the relevant variables than other research techniques. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of an experiment, random assignment means ______ happens.

Equal opportunity across all participants. Signup and view all the answers

Generally speaking, what is the relationship between control and impact?

As impact increases, control decreases. Signup and view all the answers

__ realism refers to the impact that an experiment has on a subject, while _ refers to the degree in which laboratory settings resemble real-world situations.

Experimental; mundane Signup and view all the answers

What are cover stories used to accomplish in experiments?

The settings and scenarios of an experiment designed to increase experimental realism by producing a situation in which the participants can behave naturally without being inhibited by knowing just which aspect of behavior is being studied. Signup and view all the answers

If deception is used in research, its negative effects may be reduced by what?

Debriefing. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Aggression

Instrumental aggression aims to achieve a goal through hurting another person; hostile aggression arises from anger with the intent to cause pain.
Example of instrumental aggression: Rachel pushing Ted to catch a falling glass demonstrates goal-oriented aggression.
Research indicates aggression is not inherent; environmental stimuli and upbringing impact aggressive behavior.
Bonobos, closely related to chimpanzees, exemplify a peaceful nature, challenging the idea that aggression is innate.
Aggression exists universally as a survival mechanism, with inhibitory processes in place to mitigate it; various factors influence its expression.

Brain and Hormones

Stimulation of the amygdala in monkeys provokes attack behavior.
Testosterone is the primary hormone linked to aggressive behavior in humans.
Higher temperatures correlate with increased hostility and aggression, demonstrating environmental influences on behavior.

Relative deprivation explains the frustration observed in riots, highlighting how perceived inequality fuels aggression.
Social Learning Theory suggests children should avoid violent television due to its role in modeling aggressive behavior.
The intention behind a person's action matters significantly in the perception of their aggressive behavior.

Prejudice and Stereotyping

Prejudice includes an affective component, cognitive component, and behavioral component, all contributing to biased perceptions.
Generalization about groups, such as claiming all football players are unrefined, exemplifies stereotyping.
An individual's perceived control over their situation can justify biases and prejudices against them.

Relationship Dynamics

The presence of other restrained individuals in social situations can effectively reduce aggression.
The reward theory of attraction posits that people prefer those who provide maximum rewards at minimal personal cost.
People's attraction to others is influenced by both physical attractiveness and the perception of mutual interest.

Communication and Emotional Expression

Straight talk emphasizes clear expression of feelings without judgment, fostering open communication.
Sharing feelings rather than judgments typically results in less emotional harm.
Initial criticism followed by praise increases likability; this interplay affects perceptions and relationships.

Scientific Method in Psychology

The scientific method begins with observation, a critical step for inquiry in psychology.
Experimental design in social psychology controls variables to better assess cause-and-effect relationships.
Independent variables in experiments are manipulated to observe changes in behavior (dependent variables).

Research and Experimentation

Random assignment in experiments ensures equal opportunity among participants, crucial for valid results.
Experimental realism enhances participant behavior by disguising the true purpose of the study through cover stories.
Debriefing can alleviate negative effects of deception in studies, ensuring participants understand the research context and purpose.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Prepare for your PSYCH 103 final exam with these flashcards focusing on aggression types. Understand the distinctions between instrumental and hostile aggression through definitions and examples. Test your knowledge and boost your confidence for the exam!