Questions and Answers
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
Learning
According to Albert Bandura, ________.
Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.
Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?
Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.
Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?
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In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a neutral stimulus and a neutral response.
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The conditioning approach to behavior modification states that an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food) is paired with a neutral stimulus (e.g., a bell). The neutral stimulus eventually becomes the conditioned stimulus, which brings about the conditioned response (e.g., salivation).
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Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?
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The conditioned response (CR) is caused by the conditioned stimulus. The conditioned stimulus (CS) elicits a response due to it being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. The unconditioned response (UCR) is the natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus. The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is the stimulus that elicits a reflexive response.
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The four reinforcement schedules are fixed interval, variable interval, fixed ratio, and variable ratio.
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What is the main idea of operant conditioning?
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The four means of modifying behavior are negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement, negative punishment, and positive punishment.
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With a variable interval reinforcement schedule, behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed. With a variable ratio reinforcement schedule, behavior is rewarded after an unpredictable number of responses.
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Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?
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When using a fixed interval reinforcement schedule, behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time.
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If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again increases.
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What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?
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Taste aversion is a type of conditioning in which an interval of several hours may pass between the conditioned stimulus (something ingested) and the unconditioned stimulus (nausea or illness).
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To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.
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Latent learning is learning that occurs, but may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it.
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Reflexes are a motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment. Instincts are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events.
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Study Notes
Learning and Behavior
- Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge resulting from experience.
- According to Albert Bandura, learning can occur through observation and imitation of others' actions.
Vicarious Reinforcement and Punishment
- Vicarious reinforcement occurs when an individual observes another receiving a reward, motivating them to replicate the behavior.
- An example includes Babs completing her reading list after witnessing Martin receive a candy bar for the same act.
- Vicarious punishment involves learning behaviors to avoid negative outcomes based on others' experiences, as shown when Jeong refrains from spitting out carrots after observing Bronwyn's punishment.
Classical Conditioning
- Extinction refers to the decrease in conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus.
- The processed association in classical conditioning is between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus leading to a conditioned response, which is an established concept.
Operant Conditioning
- In operant conditioning, behaviors are influenced by their consequences, categorized as reinforcements or punishments.
- The four reinforcement schedules include fixed interval, variable interval, fixed ratio, and variable ratio.
Reinforcement Schedules
- Variable interval schedules reward behavior after unpredictable time intervals, while variable ratio schedules reward based on an unpredictable number of responses.
- Fixed interval schedules offer rewards after set amounts of time, whereas fixed ratio schedules require a predetermined number of responses for a reward.
Instincts and Reflexes
- Instincts are innate behaviors triggered by a variety of events, such as seasonal changes, contrasting with reflexes, which are specific motor responses to stimuli.
- Taste aversion exemplifies conditioning where a delayed response (nausea) can lead to avoidance of a substance (e.g., alcohol) following a negative experience.
Latent Learning
- Latent learning occurs without immediate acknowledgment, only becoming apparent when a motivation to demonstrate it arises.
Summary of Behavioral Modification Techniques
- Four key methods to modify behavior include negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement, negative punishment, and positive punishment.
- Learning should ideally involve presenting the conditioned stimulus (CS) with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) on a continuous schedule for effectiveness.
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Test your knowledge on key psychological concepts with these flashcards from Psychology 101. Each card focuses on essential definitions and theories that are crucial for understanding human behavior. Perfect for students looking to enhance their learning experience.
